Romania
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
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| Khẩu hiệu quốc gia: none (Royal Motto 1866-1947: Nihil Sine Deo) |
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| Quốc ca: 'Deşteaptă-te, române!' | |||||
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| Thủ đô | Bucharest (Bucureşti)
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| Thành phố lớn nhất | Bucharest | ||||
| Ngôn ngữ chính thức | Romanian | ||||
| Chính phủ
Tổng thống
Thủ tướng |
Cộng hòa |
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| Độc lập (Independence) |
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| Diện tích • Tổng số • Nước (%) |
238,391 km² (hạng 82) 3% |
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| Dân số • Ước lượng năm Tháng 7 2006 • Thống kê dân số 2002 • Mật độ |
22,303,552 (hạng thứ 50) 21,680,974 91 người/km² (hạng 104) |
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| HDI (2004) | 0.805 (hạng 60) – high | ||||
| GDP (2005) • Tổng số (PPP) • Trên đầu người (PPP) |
$199.2 billion tỷ đô la Mỹ (hạng 43rd) $8,785 đô la Mỹ (hạng 67th) |
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| Đơn vị tiền tệ | Leu (RON) |
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| Múi giờ • Quy ước giờ mùa hè |
EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) |
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| Tên miền Internet | .ro |
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| Mã số điện thoại | +40 | ||||
| 1Other languages, such as Hungarian, German, Romani, Ukrainian and Serbian, are used at various local levels. 2 Romanian War of Independence. |
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Romania (tiếng Romania: România ) là một quốc gia vùng Đông Nam châu Âu phía tây giáp Hungary, Serbia, phiá đông-bắc giáp Moldova và phía nam giáp Bulgaria. Một phần phía đông - nam Romania giáp biển Đen. Dãy núi Carpathia đi qua trung tâm Romania.
Bucharest là thủ đô và là thành phố lớn nhất của Romania. Từ năm 2005 Romania là thành viên của khối NATO và là thành viên của liên hiệp châu Âu từ ngày 1 tháng 1 năm 2007.
Mục lục |
[sửa] Lịch sử
[sửa] Tiền sử
Nhiều giống người tiền sử sinh sống trong khu vực Romania. Các nhà khảo cổ tìm ra di tích một mẫu xương hàm đàn ông trưởng thành, dự ước khoảng 34 - 36 ngàn năm. Đây là di tích hóa thạch xưa nhất châu Âu. [1]
[sửa] Khu vực Dacia
Năm 513 TCN, tại miền nam sông Danube, liên hiệp các bộ lạc dân Dacia bị vua Darius I của Persia đánh bại khi ông đem quân chống lại quân du mục Scythia. Hơn 500 năm sau, dân Dacia lại bị quân hoàng đế Trajan của đế quốc La Mã hai lần đánh dẹp, phải phục tùng và lãnh thổ Dacia bị xát nhập thành một vùng thuộc đế quốc La Mã. Năm 238 - 269, sau những cuộc chiến trong khu vực Balkan với dân người Goth và Carpi, đế quốc La Mã dân dần mất kiểm soát vùng Dacia.
[sửa] Trung cổ
Khoảng năm 271 La Mã rút khỏi Daica. Dân du mục Goth vào chiếm và sinh sống với dân địa phương cho đến thề kỷ 4, khi dân du mục Hun tiến vào. Khu vực Transylvania do dân Gepid và Avar chiếm đóng cho đến thế kỷ 8. Sau đó bị sát nhập vào đế quốc Bulgaria đến năm 1018. Trong thế kỷ 10 - 11, Transylvania thuộc đế quốc Hungary.
until the 16th century when the independent Principality of Transylvania was formed. But from the destructions and the financial burdens, the local people were not influenced by the migrators in their culture and way of life. The Pechenegs, the Cumans and Uzes were also mentioned by historic chronicles on the territory of Romania, until the founding of the Romanian principalities of Wallachia by Basarab I, and Moldavia by Dragoş during the 13th and 14th centuries respectively. In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in two distinct independent Romanian principalities: Wallachia (Romanian: Ţara Românească - "Romanian Land"), Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) as well as in the Hungarian-ruled principality of Transylvania.
In 1475, Stephen the Great of Moldavia scored a decisive victory over the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vaslui. Wallachia and Moldavia would later come gradually under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire during the 15th and 16th centuries (1476 for Wallachia, 1514 for Moldavia), as vassal tributary states with complete internal autonomy and an external independence which was finally lost in the 18th century.
One of the greatest Hungarian kings, Matthias Corvinus (known in Romanian as Matei Corvin), who reigned from 1458-1490, was born in Transylvania. He is claimed by the Romanians because of his Romanian father, Iancu de Hunedoara (Hunyadi János in Hungarian), and by the Hungarians because of his Hungarian mother. Later, in 1541, Transylvania became a multi-ethnic principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire following the Battle of Mohács.
[sửa] Cận đại
Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul) (1558-9 August 1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601), of Transylvania (1599-1600), and of Moldavia (1600). During his reign the three principalities largely inhabited by Romanians were for the first time united under a single rule.
In 1812 the Russian Empire annexed Bessarabia, the eastern half of Moldavia (though partially lost it with the Treaty of Paris in 1856); in 1775 the Habsburg Monarchy annexed its northern part, Bukovina, and the Ottoman Empire its south-eastern part, Budjak.
At the end of the 18th century, the Habsburg Monarchy incorporated Transylvania into what successively became the Austrian Empire. During the time of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918), Romanians in Transylvania experienced one of the worst oppression in the form of the Magyarization policies of the Hungarian government.
[sửa] Vương quốc Romania
The modern state of Romania was formed by the merging of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 under the Moldavian domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza. He was replaced by Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in 1866. During the Russo-Turkish War, Romania fought on the Russian side; in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 Romania was recognized as an independent state by the Great Powers. In return for ceding to Russia the three southern districts of Bessarabia which had been regained by Moldavia after the Crimean War in 1852, the Kingdom of Romania acquired Dobruja. In 1881 the principality was raised to a kingdom and Prince Carol I became King Carol I.
Romania entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente. The Romanian military campaign ended in disaster for Romania as the Central Powers conquered most of the country and captured or killed the majority of its army within four months. By war's end Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire had collapsed, allowing Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania to unite with the Kingdom of Romania in 1918. Restored Hungary renounced in favour of Romania to any claims over the rights and titles of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
[sửa] Thế chiến thứ hai
In 1940 during World War II, Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia, Northern Transylvania and southern Dobruja were occupied by the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria respectively. The authoritarian King Carol II abdicated in 1940 and the subsequent year Romania entered the war joining the Axis powers. After the invasion of the Soviet Union, Romania recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina from the Soviet Russia, under the leadership of general Ion Antonescu. It was awarded the territory Transnistria by Germany. During the Second World War, the Antonescu regime, allied with Nazi Germany, played a role in the Holocaust, following its policy of oppression and massacre of the Jews, and, to a lesser extent, Romas. According to a report released in 2004 by a commission appointed by former Romanian president Ion Iliescu and chaired by Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel, the Romanian authorities were the main perpetrators in the planning and implementation of the killing of between 280,000 to 380,000 Jews, primarily in the Eastern territories Romania recovered or occupied from the Soviet Union and in Moldavia, though some estimates are even higher.
In August 1944 the Antonescu regime was toppled, and Romania joined the Allies against Nazi Germany, but its role in the defeat of Germany was not recognized by the Paris Peace Conference of 1947.
[sửa] Chế độ Cộng Sản
With the Red Army forces still stationed in the country and exerting defacto control, communists and their allied parties claimed 80% of the vote in the 1946 Romanian elections, through a combination of vote manipulation[cần chú thích], elimination and forced mergers of competing parties, establishing themselves as the dominant force. In 1947, King Michael I was forced by the communists to abdicate and leave the country.
Romania was proclaimed a republic, and remained under direct military and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. During this period, Romania's resources were drained by the "SovRom" agreements: mixed Soviet-Romanian companies established to mask the looting of Romania by the Soviet Union, in addition to excessive war reparations paid to the USSR. A large number of people were arbitrarily imprisoned for political, economical or unknown reasons: detainees in prisons or camps, deported, persons under house arrest, administrative detainees, psychiatric internees for political reasons. Estimations vary, from 60,000,[2] 80,000,[3] up to two millions.[4] There were hundreds of thousands of abuses, deaths and incidents of torture against a large range of people, from political opponents to ordinary citizens, bringing gloom over Romania.[5] Most political prisoners were freed in a series of amnesties between 1962 and 1964.
One positive achievement during that period was the spread of near-universal literacy. However, this educational transformation was not coupled with appropriate industrial development and urbanization policies, so that almost half of Romania's population is still rural (47.3%; see Demography of Romania).
After the negotiated retreat of Soviet troops, in 1958, Romania started to pursue independent policies, including the condemnation of the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia (Romania was the only country of the Warsaw pact not to take part in the invasion), the continuation of diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War of 1967 (Romania was the only country in the Warsaw pact to do so), the establishment of economic (1963) and diplomatic (1967) relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, and so forth. Also close ties with the Arab countries (and the PLO) allowed Romania to play a role in the Israel-Egypt and Israel-PLO peace processes.[cần chú thích]
A short-lived period of relative economic well-being and openness followed in the late 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. As Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from 3 to 10 billion US dollars), the influence of international financial organisms such as the IMF or the World Bank grew, conflicting with Nicolae Ceauşescu's autarchic policies. Ceauşescu eventually initiated a project of total reimbursement of the foreign debt (completed in 1989, shortly before his overthrow). To achieve this goal, he imposed policies that impoverished Romanians and exhausted the Romanian economy. He profoundly deepened Romania's police state and imposed a cult of personality which led to his overthrown in the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
[sửa] Sau 1989
Following the end of the Cold War in 1989, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe, the country quickly applied for membership in the EU in June 1993, becoming in 1995 Associated State of EU, joined NATO in 2004 and became an Acceding Country to the European Union, being at an advanced stage to join on January 1, 2007. The Treaty of Accession of Romania has been signed by EU member states' representatives in Luxembourg, Abbaye de Neumünster, on April 25 2005. Ratification of the Romanian and Bulgarian Accession Treaty is ongoing in the parliaments of all member states.
After the fall of Ceauşescu, the National Salvation Front (FSN) restored civil order and took partial democratic measures. Thus, political parties of the pre-war era, such as the National Christian Democrat Peasant's Party (PNTCD), the National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Romanian Social Democrat Party (PSDR) were resurrected.
In April 1990 a sit-in protest contesting the results of the recently held parliamentary elections began in the University Square, Bucharest. The protesters accused FSN of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate, protesters did not recognize the results of the election which they deemed undemocratic and they were asking for the exclusion from the political life of the former high-rank members of the Communist Party. The protest rapidly grew to become an on-going mass demonstration. The peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence. After the police failed to bring the demonstrators to order, Ion Iliescu called on the "men of good will" to come and defend the Bucharest and State institutions. Coal miners of the Jiu Valley answered the call and arrived in Bucharest on June 14. Their violent intervention is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad.
The subsequent disintegration of the FSN, which did not have a clear political platform, produced several political parties including the Democratic Party (PD), the Social Democratic Party (PSD) formerly known as the PDSR (Romanian Democrat Social Party), and the APR (Alliance for Romania).
Throughout several coalitions, and governments, the Socialist parties emerged from the FSN have governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then there have been three democratic changes of government: in 1996, the democratic-liberal opposition and its leader Emil Constantinescu acceeded to power, in 2000 the Social Democrats returned to power, with Ion Iliescu once again president and in 2004 Traian Băsescu was elected president of Romania, supported during elections by a coalition called Justice and Truth Alliance (DA). The government was formed by a larger coalition which also includes the Conservative Party and the ethnic Hungarian party.
[sửa] Kinh tế
[sửa] Thắng cảnh du lịch
[sửa] Chú thích
- ▲ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3129654.stm
- ▲ Cartea albă a Securităţii, vol. 2
- ▲ Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Speech at the Plenary session of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party, 30 nov 1961
- ▲ Recensământul populaţiei concentraţionare din România în anii 1945-1989 - report of the "Centrul Internaţional de Studii asupra Comunismului", Sighet, 2004 -
- ▲ CICERONE IONIŢOIU, Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestaţi, torturaţi, întemniţaţi, ucişi. Dicţionar. Editura Maşina de scris, Bucureşti, 2000- , ISBN 973-99994-2-5
