出生次序
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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本条目或者章节被建议同 出生排行 合并。（讨论） |
出生次序是指一個人在兄弟姊妹之間的排行次序。奧地利心理學家阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒 (Alfred Adler)指出，視乎一個家庭的大小，一個人的出生次序往往會對他的性格有影響。他就此發展出一套出生次序與性格關係的理論。近年在學術界對於這個理論有所爭議。
目录 |
[编辑] 心理學的理論及矛盾
在心理學，出生次序會否對性格的發展造成影響，仍然是一個具爭議的議題。雖然大眾普遍相信出生次序對性格的發展具有深遠的影響，但反對者對這個理論提出了不少批評與質疑。
[编辑] Birth order and intelligence
Since 1970, probably the most celebrated theory to explain why firstborns may be more intelligent than laterborns is the confluence model of Robert Zajonc. This states that because firstborns only have adult company about them in their early years, they will spend the initial years of their life interacting on a high intellectual plane. Note well that this will also go for siblings who, although objectively, later born, have a sibling at least five years senior with no siblings in between (technically, these children are considered to be "functional firstborns"). The theory states that firstborns will be more intelligent on the whole than only children, because the latter will not benefit from the "tutor effect" (i.e. teaching younger siblings). Zajonc's theory has been much criticised, especially confounding birth order with both age and family size, and alternative theories (such as Resource Depletion Theory) have been offered to explain the Belmont and Marolla findings.
[编辑] Birth order and personality
Many claim that birth order influences personality. The realm of pop psychology often attributes the following traits to each order:
[编辑] Firstborn
The first born child will receive the expectations of his or her parents. Because of this, many firstborns are in danger of acquiring perfectionistic or people-pleasing behaviors. On a more optimistic note, proponents of birth-order theory state that firstborns tend to be quite confident, controlling, diligent and mature. Not all firstborns are over-achievers, but even the most laid-back firstborn is clearly guided by a need to do the right thing and strives to make a difference in society. Firstborns can also become uncalm in hectic situations, and tend to "freak out" very easily [來源請求].
[编辑] Middleborn
Middleborn childrens have a diverse range of personalities. The habits of many middleborns are motivated by the fact that they have never been truly in the spotlight. The first-born always seems to be achieving and pioneering ahead, while the younger sibling is secure in his or her niche as the entertainer of the family. The middle born child may develop great social skills and have an easier time growing up with an other-centered point of view. The middle child knows what he or she is doing and tends to become very intelligent in their efforts to gain attention from siblings. Middle born children are usually quite talented, and their quest for perfection against their siblings can lead them to discover new and unlooked-for qualities, musically, academically, and theoretically. It has been suggested that middleborn children are more likely to be entrepreneurs. Research undertaken by Karen E. Klein Los Angeles-based writer suggested that a middleborns innate skills in diplomacy plus their flexibility in ideas make them more succesptable to entrepreneurship. A first born's common feeling of a fear of losing the top position makes them more risk adverse. This makes first borns less likely to create a new venture. Bill Gates is a well known middleborn entrepreneur.
[编辑] The Youngest
The names given to the youngest child is revealing: the youngest child of the family is viewed as the party animal, the entertainer who is unafraid to test his or her luck. While this is certainly not true of all youngest siblings, proponents of this theory state that the baby of the family is an endearing, delightful friend if not too self-centered.
[编辑] 阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒的貢獻
阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒 (Alfred Adler，1870年-1937年)，一位奧地利的精神科專家及與佛洛依德和容格同期的人物，把出生次序的變化納入他的人格形成理論裡。
[编辑] 參考
- Belmont, M., & Marolla, F.A. (1973). "Birth order, family size, and intelligence". Science 182: 1096–1101.
- Harris, J. R. (2006). No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality. WW Norton & Company.
[编辑] 外部連結
- Birth Order chart
- "Second Son, Middle Child, Next Comes a Girl" a sonnet by Michael J. Farrand.
- "Adlerian Overview of Birth Order Characteristics" by Henry Stein.
- "Birth Order and Exceptional Longevity" by Natalia S. Gavrilova and Leonid A. Gavrilov
- Birth Order In The Job Market
- http://dns.dpps.tcc.edu.tw/classweb/UploadDocument/58_%A4%DE%A5%CE%A4%E5%C4m.doc
