Śruti (music)
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- For other uses, see śruti.
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The śruti (Sanskrit "thing heard", "sound") is the smallest interval of the tuning system of Indian classical music. Canonically, there are 22 śruti in the octave, although systems with more or fewer śruti have been proposed. Here they are given in terms of just intonation, although many authors assume schismatic temperament implicitly.
There are three kinds of śruti:
- The pramāṇa ("measuring" or "standard") śruti, 81/80, equal to the syntonic comma
- The nyūna ("deficient") śruti, 25/24, the difference between a 6/5 minor third and a 5/4 major third
- The pūraṇa ("fulfilling") śruti, 256/243, equal to the Pythagorean limma
Together these three intervals can form any interval of 5-limit just intonation. In mathematical terms, they form a basis for the vector space.
Note that the same interval is always composed of the same number of śruti. 16/15 is 2 śruti, 10/9 is 3 śruti, 9/8 is 4 śruti, 4/3 is 9 śruti, 3/2 is 13 śruti, and the 2/1 octave is 22 śruti.
The word śruti is also used to refer to the pitches themselves. There are two pitches separated by a pramāṇa śruti for every pitch of the Western chromatic scale except the root and the fifth (which are often the two drones), resulting in a total of 22.
| Number of śruti above the tonic | Ratio | Cents | Kind of śruti to next pitch | Southern names | Northern names |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1/1 | 0 | pūraṇa | Shadaja | Shadaja |
| 1 | 256/243 | 90.2 | pramāṇa | Guali Rishabha, Ekasruti Rishabha | Komal Rishabha |
| 2 | 16/15 | 111.7 | nyūna | Suddha Rishabha, Dvisruti Rishabha | Madhya Rishabha |
| 3 | 10/9 | 182.4 | pramāṇa | Trisruti Rishabha | Suddha Rishabha |
| 4 | 9/8 | 203.9 | pūraṇa | Chatussruti Rishabha | Tivra Rishabha |
| 5 | 32/27 | 294.1 | pramāṇa | Suddha Gandhara, Bhairavi Gandhara | Ati-komal Gandhara |
| 6 | 6/5 | 315.6 | nyūna | Shatsruti Rishabha, Sadharana Gandhara | Komal Gandhara |
| 7 | 5/4 | 386.3 | pramāṇa | Antara Gandhara | Suddha Gandhara |
| 8 | 81/64 | 407.8 | pūraṇa | Chyuta Madhyan Ga, Tivra Antara Ga | Tivra Gandhara |
| 9 | 4/3 | 498.1 | pramāṇa | Suddha Madhyama | Suddha Madhyama |
| 10 | 27/20 | 519.6 | nyūna | Begada Madhyama, Tivra Suddha Ma | Ekasruti Madhyama |
| 11 | 45/32 | 590.2 | pramāṇa | Prati Madhyana | Tivra Madhyama |
| 12 | 729/512 | 611.7 | pūraṇa | Chyutta Panchama | Tivratara Madhyama |
| 13 | 3/2 | 701.9 | pūraṇa | Panchama | Panchama |
| 14 | 128/81 | 792.2 | pramāṇa | Ekasruti Dhaivata | Ati-komal Dhaivata |
| 15 | 8/5 | 813.7 | nyūna | Suddha Dhaivata, Dvisruti Dhaivata | Komal Dhaivata |
| 16 | 5/3 | 884.4 | pramāṇa | Trisruti Dhaivata | Suddha Dhaivata |
| 17 | 27/16 | 905.9 | pūraṇa | Chatussruti Dhaivata | Tivra Dhaivata |
| 18 | 16/9 | 996.1 | pramāṇa | Suddha Nishada, Komal Kaisiki Ni | Ati-komal Nishad |
| 19 | 9/5 | 1017.6 | nyūna | Shatsruti Dhaivata, Kaisiki Nishada | Komal Nishad |
| 20 | 15/8 | 1088.3 | pramāṇa | Kakali Nishada | Suddha Nishad |
| 21 | 243/128 | 1109.8 | pūraṇa | Chyuta Shadia Nishada | Tivra Nishad |
| 22 | 2/1 | 1200 | pūraṇa | Shadaja | Shadaja |
The word śruti is also used to refer to the fundamental pitch, tonic, or key note used in a particular performance.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Lentz, Donald A. Tones and Intervals of Hindu Classical Music. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1961.
[edit] External links
- www.soundofindia.com Article on Śrutis by Haresh Bakshi
