Anastasius Bibliothecarius
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Anastasius Bibliothecarius (c.810-879) was a librarian and supposed antipope of the Roman Catholic Church.
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[edit] Family and education
He was a nephew of Bishop Arsenius of Orta, who executed important commissions as Papal legate.
Anastasius learned the Greek language from Eastern Roman monks and obtained an unusual education for his era, such that he appears to be the most learned ecclesiastic of Rome in the barbaric period of the 9th century.
[edit] Abbot of Santa Maria
During the reign of Pope Nicholas I (855-867) Anastasius was abbot of Santa Maria in Trastevere on the farther side of the Tiber and was employed by the Pope in various matters. He was also active as an author, and translated Greek language works into Latin. Among them was the biography of St. John the Merciful, which he dedicated to Nicholas I.
[edit] Librarian of the Roman Church
The successor of Nicholas, Pope Adrian II (867-872), appointed Anastasius librarian of the Roman Church, an important office which gave him much influence at the papal Court.
[edit] Envoy to Constantinople
In 869 he was sent by Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor as envoy to Constantinople, with two men of high rank in the Frankish Empire, to negotiate a marriage between Leo VI the Wise, oldest son of the Byzantine emperor Basil I , and the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor.
When the envoys arrived at Constantinople, the Eighth Ecumenical Council was still in session, and Anastasius, who attended the last session (February, 870), zealously defended the papal cause and was of much service to the papal legates.
On their way home the papal legates were robbed, and the "Acts" of the council were carried off. However, they had given most of the declarations of obedience of the Greek bishops to Anastasius, who also had a copy of the "Acts", and was thus able to bring these documents to the pope. At the pope's order, he translated the "Acts" into Latin.
[edit] Continued influence
The successor of Adrian II, Pope John VIII (872-882), also esteemed Anastasius, confirmed him in the office of librarian, entrusted important affairs to him, and encouraged him to further literary work.
Anastasius was in correspondence with the deposed Byzantine patriarch, Photius, and sought to mediate between the patriarch and the pope and also to assuage the controversy over the Holy Ghost by assuming that the Latins understood the procession (processio) of the Holy Ghost from the Son in the sense of transmission (missio).
[edit] Presumed identification with antipope Anastasius
If a passage in the annals of Hincmar of Reims is genuine (Mon. Germ. Hist.: Scriptores, I, 447) and Hincmar has not confused two men, then the librarian Anastasius is identical with the Roman presbyter Anastasius who in 874 became titular priest of St. Marcellus.
This Anastasius had fled from Rome in 848, to reside in various cities. On account of his flight he was excommunicated by a Roman synod in 850, and, as he did not return, was anathematized and deposed by another synod in 853.
After the death of Pope Leo IV in 855 this Anastasius was elected as Antipope by the imperial party, but the rightfully elected Pope Benedict III, gained the supremacy, and acted kindly towards the usurper.
During the pontificate of Adrian II, Anastasius became involved in serious difficulties: in 868 a near relative of his named Eleutherius forcibly carried off the daughter of the pope, and soon after killed both her and her mother. The murderer was executed and Anastasius, who was regarded as the instigator of the murder, was punished by excommunication and deposition.
He lived at the imperial Court, and sought by the intervention of the emperor to exculpate himself before the pope. Hergenröther (Photius, II, 230-240) maintains, with good reason, that the librarian and the presbyter Anastasius (the antipope) were one and the same person, and weaves all the statements concerning the latter into the biography of Anastasius, while Joseph Langen (Geschichte der römischen Kirche, III, 270 sqq.) considers them different persons. In August, 879, Zacharias of Anagni appears as librarian of the Roman Church, so that Anastasius must have died shortly before this date.
[edit] Translator and author
Anastasius translated from Greek into Latin the "Acts" of both the Second Council of Nicaea and the Fourth Council of Constantinople, as well as several legends of saints, along with other writings.
He also compiled a historical work, "Chronographia tripartita", from the Greek writings of Theophanes, Nicephorus, and Syncellus, and made a collection of documents concerning the affairs of Pope Honorius I. Several important letters written by him have been preserved. His writings are to be found in Patrologia Graeca, XXIX; Patrologia Latina, LXXIII, CXXII, CXXIX. The Liber Pontificalis, which was formerly ascribed to him, was not written by him; he seems to have shared in the revision of the Life of Nicholas I.
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.
