User:Aspro/Sandbox
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- This article is about the history of the Asylum at Hanwell; for 'other' non psychiatric organizations that now share the original site such as Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, please seek their separate entries -if any.
  Map sources for Aspro/Sandbox at grid reference TQ145799
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(1st Middlesex) County Asylum at Hanwell was built for the pauper insane and has evoled to become the West London Mental Health NHS Trust (WLMHT).
Its first superintendent in his own lifetime became famous for his pioneering work and his adherence to his 'great principle of therapeutic employment' (developed at his previous post at Warwickshire Asylum) and amazed his many sceptical contemporaries, that at Hanwell such therapy speeded up recovery. [1] This greatly pleased the visiting Justicies of the Peace (JP) as it ultimately reduced the long term costs of keeping each patient. Under the third superintendent John Conolly the institution became world famous for being the first 'large' asylum to totally dispense with all mechanical restraints.[2][3]
It lays next to the village of Hanwell from which it gets its name but parochially belongs to the suburb of Southall (and before a boundary change it was in Norwwod). [4] It is some eight and a half mile from London which lies to the south east and six and a half from Uxbridge to the west. (O/S map ed 1896)
The building is well situated on a gently sloping 'river gravel terrace' which are a common feature of the Thames river valley. This terrace was formed during the cold wet periglacial periods of the quaternary. The land immediately to the east was further cut down by what is known today as the river Brent, which still flows alone its eastern parameter. At its southern boundary is the Grand Union Canal and a flight of six locks. Both the southern wall of the old asylum and the flight of locks have been designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument.[5] This meets the western boundary of Windmill Lane at the Three Bridges, (which is also a Scheduled Ancient Monument). Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and opened in 1859, it consists of a cast-iron trough carrying the Grand Union Canal over the Great Western Railway and a cast-iron bridge carrying the public highway Windmill Lane over the other two. So, it is actually only two bridges.
Today the building also serves as the head offices of the West London Mental Health NHS Trust (WLMHT). Although the on site facilities have been reduced and scaled down from what was once the worlds largest asylum, it is still very much involved with the treatment and research into serious mental distress. A prior Trust created the London West Mental Health R&D Consortium [6] which also has its administrative base there. On the land so released by scaling down the old mental hospital, there is now a complex of other buildings known as Ealing Hospital NHS Trust built on the old asylum's recreational grounds and cycle track to the east. At the back of the main building are some disused wards that still belong to the Regional Health Authority.
The WLMHT currently act as guardians of the Corsellis Collection, containing some nine thousand specimens dating back to the 1950's. No larger depository of this speciality is known. WLMHT also run Broadmoor High Secure Hospital in [Crowthorne], Berkshire.
[edit] Early History
The building of the asylum was made possible through several Acts of Parliament and statutes still drive the changes in mental health care into the present day. The more important ones and other notable dates are:
[edit] County Asylums Act (1808)
The context which made it possible to create an asylum in Middlesex might be best understood from drawing attention to the 1808 County Asylums Act. This recognised lunatics as being ill, being held in the wrong institutions and who would possibly 'recover' if given the right type of treatment. Non-recovery would mean the insane pauper would always need to be looked after and hence cost more in the long run. The war with France had cost much. Moreover, industrialisation was causing some parishes to grow in population and so have a greater number of people in need than the existing system of charitable institutions and workhouses could cope with. This 'acceptance' of insanity being an illness can almost be seen as an attempt to improve the health of local finances rather than that of the poor or for to meet any other high need of humanity.
"Whereas the practice of confining such lunatics and other insane persons as are chargeable to their respective parishes in Gaols, Houses of Correction, Poor Houses and Houses of Industry, is highly dangerous and inconvenient" [7]
Therefore, the 1808 Act was passed to empowered County Justices of the Peace (JP's) to construct asylums. However, since this was to be financed out of the local rates the notion was very unpopular and the JP's has thus to consider their positions (i.e., did they want to hold onto their jobs(?) -as the election of these posts was each year). The downside to this, as already mentioned was the cost of keeping lunatics in jails and workhouses was charged to the parishes in which they were born, and with no assistants to get well again the costs to the parishes continued unabated.[8] To make matters worse (and a factor often overlooked) the Corn Law kept food prices high whilst the Encloses Act of 1813 removed the means for poor people to use the common lands to support themselves, coursing mental distress to increase amongst the already impoverished.
[edit] Decision to build asylum (1827)
It was not until concern about the disproportionately high number of lunatics in Middlesex, grew so high and unmanageable, that the local judiciary (in front of whom the lunatics would have been brought charged with various offences or running amok) decided on 15th November 1827 that it was time to exercise their powers and build a asylum. [9] In the following year Parliament in recognition of some of the barriers to asylum building passed the 1828 Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy Act with the purpose of ensuring the previous acts were obeyed thus given the JP's powers to progress things more rapidly. (Norris & Alen)
[edit] The building (1829- 1831)
Work on the new asylum started in 1829 on land most of which (44 acres) was purchased from the Earl of Jersey. The architect was William Alderson, a Quaker. His neo-classical design consisted a central octagonal 'panoptican' tower of a basement and two floors. The windows have a tall aspect with semicircular bonded gauge brick arches at the top. Two wings of one basement and one floor only (in the 'corridor form' style) going east and west.[10] They then both turn north and each terminate at it own panoptican tower, which again had basement and two floors, thus forming in plan view: a building around three sides of a square. The east side of the central tower was intended for the male patients and west for the females. With germ theory beginning to be developed around this time, spreading the wards out in this manner was thought to help reduce the spread of infections. The newer extensions which were added in 1859 are readily identifiable, in so much as they have flat bonded arches to the tops of the windows.
In 1999 the exterior of the building (just those parts of the building which are still in use and seen seen by the general public) got cleaned with a proprietary dilute hydrofluoric acid preparation, removing nearly one and three quarter centuries of grey crime and soot to reveal the rough golden yellow colour of the bricks, which is characteristic of handmade 'London stocks'. One can still see original small cast iron ventilation grills that show the Middlesex County Shield with the three Saxon swords incorporated into the design, indicating that it was first owned by the Middlesex County Council (MCC).
Upon entering the building one is struck by the economy in the proportioning of space for a building of this period, until one remembers that it was not built as a grand residence or proud civic building but purely a functional work space and home for the treatment of insane paupers. This unfortunately lead to the building having poor ventilation, and together with overcrowding may be the reason behind the high rates of TB before the age of antibiotics. This was made worse in that the asylum filled up so quickly that basements were converted into sleeping dormitories and even a few extra wards. To this end earth was dug away from the basement walls and widows fitted. This worked quite well for much of the east side where the ground almost 5 metres lower than on the west due to the slope of the gravel terrace.
[edit] Middlesex County Asylum at Hanwell 1831 - 1889
Under the administration of the local Committee of Visiting Justices of Middlesex County Council.
[edit] London County Asylum, Hanwell 1889 - 1918
Under the administration of the London County Council.
[edit] County Mental Hospital, Hanwell 1918 - 1937
Still under the administration of the London County Council,
[edit] St. Bernard's Hospital, Hanwell 1937-1980
Under the administration of the London County Council until 1948 when responsibility was transferred to the new National Health Service - North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, which under reorganization became in 1974 the North West Thames Regional Health Authority with local power invested in the Ealing District Health Authority
Dr. Max Glatt b. 1912 - d. 2002 (1958) One of the Pioneers in the treatment of people who don't feel quite right without drinking or drugs or both. Appointed as a consultant in 1958 he set up a alcohol dependency unit in a female ward. Over coming many managerial obstacles his approach was found to be a great success. In 1962 this was moved and became a drug and alcohol dependence unit; now known as the Max Glatt Unit and situated in 'A' Block. Run currently by the Central North West London Mental Health NHS Trust Substance Misuses Service
[edit] Psychiatric Unit 1980 - 1992
North West Thames Regional Health Authority via the Ealing District Health Authority
The local District Health Authority following Government edict to close the smaller cottage hospitals and maternity units, and bring health services together on one multi-disciplinary site, changed the name of the grounds to 'Ealing Hospital.' However, the new nomenclature given to describe the new layout and various buildings was found to go against all natural intuition and so forced people to keep resorting to the name St. Bernard's Hospital to make it clear that they where referring to the psychiatric parts run by the WLMHT and 'Ealing Hospital' when referring to the District General Unit building - which is administrated by a totally separate public sector corporation or Trust. Even by 2006 the old name is often used in internal communications and in-house publications and some National Service web site still give the address as St. Bernard's Hospital. This approach has proven an effective Coping mechanism against the Petronius syndrom. Likewise: its geographical attachment depends on context. For postal communications it is in Southall, for non clinical administration it is referred to as the 'Ealing site' and to the people to whom it serves -it remains in Hanwell.
Three Bridges Regional Secure Unit - opened 1985
Run by the Forensic Directorate, this unit was named after Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Three Bridges that lays only a few hundred feet away to the west. One of the wards has been named after the rastafarian dub poet and mental health campaigner Benjamin Zephaniah.
[edit] West London Healthcare NHS Trust 1992 - 1999
It achives 'Trust' status and becomes a public sector corporation.
North West Thames Regional Health Authority abolished 1994
New authority: North Thames Region until 1996 and the Ealing District Health Authority is also abolished.
Replaced by NHS Strategic Health Authority (SHA): Ealing & Hammersmith & Hounslow (EHH) .
[edit] Ealing, Hammersmith & Fulham Mental Health NHS Trust 1999 - 2001
Ealing & Hammersmith & Hounslow Health Authority (EHH)
[edit] West London Mental Health NHS Trust 2001 - present
Ealing & Hammersmith & Hounslow Health Authority (EHH) until 2006
Existing Strategic Heath Authority amalgamated with other London SHA's to become The 'London SHA'.
Currently the Trust management is exploring the possibility of becoming a NHS_Foundation_Trust. This will give it more flexibility to better meet the needs of the people who live in the locality that it serves; and to whom it will become accountable. Should this come about in the time frame hoped for, then the long psychiatric tradition at Hanwell will have just finished celebrating its terquasquicentennial anniversary to have arrived back to having similar freedoms arrangements that its first superintendent William Ellis enjoyed -when first opened 175 years ago. The wheel will have gone full circle.
[edit] See also
Ealing Hospital NHS Trust
Weale, John (1854). The Pictorial Handbook of London: Comprising Its Antiquities, Architecture, Arts, Manufacture. London: H.G. Bohn, pages ??. OCLC: 1387135.
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2002) Ellis, Sir William Charles acsessed 2006-08-31
- ^ Bynum, W.F; Porter, Roy; Shepherd, Michael (1988). The anatomy of madness: Essays in the history of psychiatry. Vol III; The asylum and its psychiatry.. London: Routledge, 194. ISBN 0 415 00859 x.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-09-23). [1]. England: Oxford University Press, 980. ISBN: 019861411X.
- ^ Hounsell, Peter [1991]. Ealing and Hanwell Past (Hardback), London UK: Historical Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-948667-13-3.
- ^ British Waterways. Hanwell Flight Of Locks. Environment Heritage. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ London West Mental Health R&D C onsortium. Home page. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (1981). Table of Statutes. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Hereford Council. Workhouses and poor law. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (1981) Colonel James Clitherow Middlesex JP and Deputy Lieutenant - Metropolitan Commissioner 1828 accessed 2006-09-24
- ^ Roberts, Andrew; Cracknell, Peter; Piddock, Susan; Sarah Rutherford (1981). Asylum architecture. The asylums index. Middlesex University, London, England. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
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Map sources for Aspro/Sandbox at grid reference TQ145799
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- ↑ Johnson, Bob (2003). "AN INFORMED CONSENT FORM for ELECTRO CONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)". Draft 1.
- ↑ Diana Rose, senior researcher1, Pete Fleischmann, researcher1, Til Wykes, professor2, Morven Leese, statistician3, Jonathan Bindman, senior lecturer3 (2003). "Patients' perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review". British Medical Journal 326 (7403): 1363.
- ↑ Texas Legislature (2004). "Health & safety code Chapter 578. Electroconvulsive and other therapies Sec.578.001.".
- ↑ Rose D, Wykes T, Bindman J, Fleischmann P (2005). "Information, consent and perceived coercion: patients' perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy.". British Journal of Psychiatry 186 (1): 54–59.
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Sources_of_articles/Generic_citations
[edit] Literature
(2002) in Peter Lehmann: Coming off Psychiatric Drugs. Germany: Peter Lehmann Publishing. 1-891408-98-4.
If these trials have been well designed and are successfully duplicated by independent laboratories or field trials, then the papers can be reviewed by an independent body such as the Cochrane Collaboration to serve as a authoritative source of clinical guidance. Regrettably the majority of research trails published today are done or sponsored by the very same companies who have developed the drug or medical device. Moreover they a frequently poorly designed and executed and exhibit bias therefore most papers should not be taken too seriously. Although each new publication of a survey is often greeted with a sycophantic fanfare of trumpet blowing, few thoughtful and clued up clinicians would change their treatment protocols solely on the bases of just a few research papers. Thus, doctors have expressed their despair when patients bring in printouts of the latest research downloaded from the internet with the high expectation that it will make a significant difference.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2002) Ellis, Sir William Charles acsessed 2006-08-31
- ^ Bynum, W.F; Porter, Roy; Shepherd, Michael (1988). The anatomy of madness: Essays in the history of psychiatry. Vol III; The asylum and its psychiatry.. London: Routledge, 194. ISBN 0 415 00859 x.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-09-23). [2]. England: Oxford University Press, 980. ISBN: 019861411X.
- ^ Hounsell, Peter [1991]. Ealing and Hanwell Past (Hardback), London UK: Historical Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-948667-13-3.
- ^ British Waterways. Hanwell Flight Of Locks. Environment Heritage. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ London West Mental Health R&D C onsortium. Home page. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (1981). Table of Statutes. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Hereford Council. Workhouses and poor law. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (1981) Colonel James Clitherow Middlesex JP and Deputy Lieutenant - Metropolitan Commissioner 1828 accessed 2006-09-24
- ^ Roberts, Andrew; Cracknell, Peter; Piddock, Susan; Sarah Rutherford (1981). Asylum architecture. The asylums index. Middlesex University, London, England. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ UK Goverment. Dangerous People With Sever Personality Disorder Program. Retrieved on March 4, 2006.
- ↑ Ben Thornley and Clive Adams (1998-10-31). "Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years". British Medical Journal.
- ↑ The Journal of the American Medical Association. Association of Funding and Conclusions in Randomized Drug Trials. Retrieved on February 4, 2006.
- ↑ Quackwatch. Why Quackery Persists. Retrieved on February 4, 2006.
- ↑ Institute of Food Research. Why your best friend could be a Brassica. Retrieved on 2006-01-21.
[edit] First Tentative Proposal to Reduce the Underlying Reason Behind Many:
- (i) Edit Wars
- (ii) the desire to create POV_fork
Background:
Computerised Information Technology (CIT) now means that information can flow rapidly without the past tradition of discovering some common ground of understanding between the sender and intended recipient. Also many other individual now see that information for whom it was not intended.
Thus, information -however worthy- may just become noise if it is injected into the wrong signal. See: information theory.
This is particularly apparent in articles of a medical nature.
The String theory physicists were taken to task recently over their lay use of the term theory instead of hypothesis.
(see: New Scientist [Mind your scientific language];Reed Business Information; 3rd December 2005, issue 2528, p 23 )
Maybe Wikipedia can take better advantage of its mode of content expansion ( i.e.. people of divers talents -contributing online) by asking contributes to be aware of what category of information they are editing and to strive to keep them clearly separate and thus avoid confusion between contributors from different background (i.e.. arguing from deferent premises). Premise Deductive_reasoning Philosophy
Proposal:
Starting with medical articles and effort is made to make clear in each article which section deals with:-
Hypothesis
Theory
Fact
Medical Dogma
(that which medical clinicians depend upon to treat - the leaned and practised skills)(Pronouncements from Government Health Agencies, etc.)
Industry sources
And finally commentary from journalist.
And finally: Commentary on how the press report it -if needs must- but only to acknowledge that the subject became news.
(and certainly not to feature the views of individual journalists)
Where different flavours compete they can be sub divided to hypothesis: one, two, etc.
Yes! messy I appreciate. But at the moment people are working towards cross purposes and much heat gets generated -so much time gets wasted unpicking it. This leads to the current situation where articles can look exceedingly amateurish.
There must be many research specialist who are at present put off contributing when they see, even general medical practitioners editing out information that disagrees with what was taught to them many years ago. This can be a minefield, where incorporating the best scientific method may have the effect of degrading the overall out come from treatment. But by separating the categories: clinical aspects can be explained in real world context and thus have divergents not misunderstood.
Also: students, who are sweating to fill their young heads with what will satisfy the 'examiners,' may not be ready to handle the Cognitive_dissonance that comes to us all, as we discover from experience (A_posteriori) or scientific advance, that most of what we learnt thirty to forty years ago turned out to be wrong -and in some fields completely and utterly wrong. (this applies especially to those that have to keep their knowledge up to date.) Categorising will help students to ignore all that avon guard stuff, that the boffins rant on to each other about -and which is often- at odds with what the text books all say. This will save technologists from getting exasperated with the pontifications of a pedantic green horn who imagines their learning is set in stone.
Others: take their information from news papers which have got the science horribly muddled and mangled or have given a problem far more factual credibility than the matter deserves. Often in an effort to be fair and give both sides of an augment equal 'ink on the page'.
(Add your own personal grips here: ......................................................................................................)
To finish: Unlike a traditional encyclopaedia of old, where a tight editorial policy could be followed, to limit the content to a suit specific readership -at the expense of those considered the hoy poloy- Wikipedia can brake free and be a place where unconnected fields can make connections and create new insights -or be a 'place' to cross pollinate as some people like to say.
I could go on at length, but this I think should be enough to give the gist and illuminate the benefits.
[edit] Other work in progress
[edit] web ref
JAMES M. MATHEWS, AMY S. ETHERIDGE, JOHN L. VALENTINE, SHERRY R. BLACK, DONNA P. COLEMAN, PURVI PATEL, JAMES SO, AND LEO T. BURKA (July 20, 2005). PHARMACOKINETICS AND DISPOSITION OF THE KAVALACTONE KAWAIN:INTERACTION WITH KAVA EXTRACT AND KAVALACTONES IN VIVO AND IN VITRO (PDF). Drug Metabolism and Disposition. Retrieved on December 14, 2005.
- Kava (Piper methysticum)
[edit] =Kava ref
Siegel, Ronald K (2005). Intoxication: The Universal Drive for Mind-Altering Substances. Park Street Press, Rochester, Vermont. ISBN 1-59477-069-7. (paperback edition)
Siegel, Ronald K (2005). Intoxication: The Universal Drive for Mind-Altering Substances. Park Street Press, Rochester, Vermont. ISBN 1-59477-069-7. (paperback edition) Note: new ISBN comes in 1 January 2007 and is 978-1-59477-069-2
[edit] Drug
I have added Ronald Sigels book to the reference section as I consider and it a classic by a serious academic. (See also, comments about it in the British Medical Juornal from people actualy working in the field and Newscientist, issue 2473, 13 November 2004, page 32; et al. Or better still read the book.)
On the same subject: appearing on the Aventis Science Prize shortlist 2005 is:
Edwards, Griffith (November, 1 2005). Matters of Substance : Drugs--and Why Everyone's a User (Hardcover). Thomas Dunne Books: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33883-X.
This too has been well recived by many. (See issue 2498 of New Scientist magazine, 07 May 2005, page 48; et. al.)
However, this is not a publication that I have got around to reading so don't feel I should be putting it in the reference if I can't vouch for it personally. Has any one here read it?
[edit] Harm Reduction
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/331/7530/1484 Giving heroin users a dose of naloxone to carry around with them
see also:http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/173_05_040900/lenton/lenton.html
[edit] Addiction and other drug info
The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction
A paper by
Tammy Saah http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1174878
Effects of chewing betel nut (Areca catechu) on the symptoms of people with schizophrenia in Palau, Micronesia ROGER J. SULLIVAN http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/177/2/174?ijkey=6ca581b128776d9c9226621e35ce008e939766e6
[edit] Autistic Enteritis
- ↑ A Presentation by Andrew Wakefield
- Executive Director, Thoughtful House Center for Children
- Dr. Andrew Wakefield discussed his research into autism and the connection with the MMR vaccine. A moderated panel discussion immediately followed the lecture. Panel members include: Vicky Debold, RN, Ph.D.; Edward Yazbak, MD; Debbie Darnley-Fisch, MD; and Arthur Krigsman, MD.
- Watch the video of the November 17, 2005 presentation. [The Seat of the Soul: The Origins of the Autism Epidemic.]
[edit] Ref
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2002) Ellis, Sir William Charles acsessed 2006-08-31
- ^ Bynum, W.F; Porter, Roy; Shepherd, Michael (1988). The anatomy of madness: Essays in the history of psychiatry. Vol III; The asylum and its psychiatry.. London: Routledge, 194. ISBN 0 415 00859 x.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-09-23). [3]. England: Oxford University Press, 980. ISBN: 019861411X.
- ^ Hounsell, Peter [1991]. Ealing and Hanwell Past (Hardback), London UK: Historical Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-948667-13-3.
- ^ British Waterways. Hanwell Flight Of Locks. Environment Heritage. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ London West Mental Health R&D C onsortium. Home page. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (1981). Table of Statutes. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Hereford Council. Workhouses and poor law. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (1981) Colonel James Clitherow Middlesex JP and Deputy Lieutenant - Metropolitan Commissioner 1828 accessed 2006-09-24
- ^ Roberts, Andrew; Cracknell, Peter; Piddock, Susan; Sarah Rutherford (1981). Asylum architecture. The asylums index. Middlesex University, London, England. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ UK Goverment. Dangerous People With Sever Personality Disorder Program. Retrieved on March 4, 2006.
- ^ Hulan HW, Kramer JK, Mahadevan S, Sauer FD. (1976) Relationship between erucic acid and myocardial changes in male ratsLipids. 1976 Jan;11(1):9-15. Retrived 2007-02-14
- ^ Kramer JK, Farnworth ER, Thompson BK, Corner AH, Trenholm HL. Reduction of myocardial necrosis in male albino rats by manipulation of dietary fatty acid levels. Lipids. 1982 May;17(5):372-82. Retrived 2007-02-14
- ^ de Wildt DJ, Speijers GJ (1984) Influence of dietary rapeseed oil and erucic acid upon myocardial performance and hemodynamics in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1984 Jun 15;74(1):99-108 Retrived 2007-02-14
