Battle of Rakovor

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Battle of Rakovor

Map showing the location of the Battle of Rakovor in the context of the 13th century Livonia.

Date	February 18, 1268
Location	Near Rakvere, Estonia
Result	Russian victory. Cessation of German and Danish aggression for 30 years.

Combatants

Pskov Feudal Republic
Novgorod Feudal Republic

Livonian Brothers of the Sword

Commanders

Dovmont of Pskov
Dmitry of Pereslavl

Otto von Lutterberg

Strength

Up to 30,000 troops

The Battle of Rakovor (Russian: Раковорская битва) or Battle of Wesenberg (German: Schlacht bei Wesenberg) was a battle fought on February 18, 1268, between the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights and a coalition of Russian princes. The Knights were beaten so thoroughly that they would not undertake a new campaign against Northern Russia for the following thirty years.

The two armies clashed within seven versts from the Livonian town of Rakvere (Russian: Rakovor; German: Wesenberg). Russian forces, numbering up to 30,000 troops, were led by Dmitry of Pereslavl (representing the Novgorod Republic) together with his future son-in-law, Dovmont of Pskov (representing the Pskov Republic).

Apart from the knights, the Livonian army included Danish forces (right flank) and local Estonian militia (left flank). The crusading army was led by Master Otto von Lutterberg.

The German forces deployed in their customary deep "boar's head" wedge of heavily armoured knights, called by the Russians the "great iron pig." These deep wedges had considerable penetrative power, but were unmaneuverable and vulnerable to flank attack due to the resulting narrow frontage of the army, facts which led to the ultimate defeat of the Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus. As a result, the Germans attempted to remedy this situation at Rakovor by splitting their knightly assault force into two formations, deploying one wedge in the open and a second in ambush, so that when the first wedge was attacked on all sides by the Russians the second wedge would burst from ambush and in turn encircle the enemy.

The tactic worked well at first, as the wedge of German knights smashed the Novgorod and Pskov forces facing them, but then the second wedge, seeing the Russians in retreat, apparently assumed the battle was won and emerged from their ambush position to loot the Russian baggage. This abandonment of the battle plan led to the first wedge being encircled.

The fighting to reduce the first wedge was apparently terrific. "Neither our fathers nor forefathers have witnessed such a cruel fighting", reports the Livonian chronicler. At last the Novgorodian militia prevailed, although its leader, the posadnik Mikhailo Fyodorovich, was killed in action.

The Russian princes pursued the knights up to Rakvere. Prince Dovmont of Pskov, whose bravery was recognized even in the German chronicles of the battle, pursued the defeated knights all the way to the coast of the Baltic Sea, and took substantial booty before returning to the Russian lines. Upon his return to his camp, Dmitry of Pereslavl discovered that it had been looted by another regiment of the knights. He decided to wait for the morning. Three days passed and no new attack ensued on the part of the knights. The Russian leaders claimed victory and returned to Novgorod in triumph.