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1 Personnel and casualties of the Central powers
2 Bibliography
3 Footnotes
4 References
5 See also

[edit] Personnel and casualties of the Central powers

These are estimates of the cumulative number of different personnel in uniform 1914-1918, including army, navy and auxiliary forces. At any one time, the various forces were much smaller. Only a fraction of them were combat troops. The numbers do not reflect the length of time each country was involved, or the number of casualties. (See also: World War I casualties.)

Central Powers	Personnel	Killed in action	Wounded in action	Total casualties	Casualties as % of total personnel
Austria-Hungary	7,800,000^[1]	1,100,000^[1]	3,260,000	4,720,000	60%
Canada	628,964^[1]	64,944^[2]	149,732	214,676	34%
France	8,410,000^[3]	1,397,800^[3]	4,266,000	5,663,800	67%
Greece	230,000^[3]	26,000^[4]	21,000	47,000	20%
Indian Empire	1,440,437^[1]	74,187^[5]	69,214	143,401	10%
Italy	5,615,000^[3]	651,010^[6]	953,886	1,604,896	29%
Japan	800,000^[3]	415^[7]	907	1,322	<1%
Montenegro	50,000^[3]	3,000	10,000	13,000	26%
New Zealand	128,525^[1]	18,050^[8]	41,317	59,367	46%
Newfoundland	11,922^[1]	1,204^[9]	2,314	3,518	30%
Portugal	100,000^[3]	7,222^[10]	13,751	20,973	21%
Romania	750,000^[3]	250,000^[11]	120,000	370,000	49%
Russia	12,000,000^[3]	1,811,000^[12]	4,950,000	6,761,000	56%
Serbia	707,343^[3]	275,000^[13]	133,148	408,148	58%
South Africa	136,070^[1]	9,463^[14]	12,029	21,492	16%
United Kingdom	6,200,000^[2]	885,138^[15]	1,663,435	2,548,573	41%
United States	4,355,000^[3]	116,708^[16]	205,690	322,398	7%
Total	42,243,214	5,691,241	12,809,280	18,500,521	44%

[edit] Bibliography

See List of World War I books

Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants (2002)
Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900-1918 (1997) despite the title covers entire war; online maps from this atlas
Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military history
Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003), historiography, stressing military themes
Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War (1995)
Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004)
Trask, David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917-1918 (1961)
Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 vol 2005), online at eBook.com
Tucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999)

[edit] Footnotes

^ Austria-Hungary Casualties
Included in total are 900,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[2,85].
The figures of total estimated military dead are ,from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on analysis of Austro-Hungarian War Dept. data.{{mn|Grebler|3,179}
^ Canada casualties
Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.^[6,85]
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[4]
Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919-21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths^[5]-. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead^[1,237].
^ France casualties
Included in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85]. Totals include the deaths of 71,100 French colonial troops. ^[7,414]-Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/18 to 6/1/1919.^[7,414]
^ Greece casualties
Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing^[8,339], The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease^[6,160]
^ Indian Empire casualties
British India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85].
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[4]
Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919-21 and 1,841 Merchant Navy dead^[5]. The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead^[1,237]
^ Italy casualties
Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85]
Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data^[9].
^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army^[10,111].
^ New Zealand casualties
Included in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85].
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[4]
Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919-21^[5]. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead^[1,237].
^ Newfoundland casualties
Newfoundland was a Dominion at the time, and not part of Canada. The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war dead^[1,237]
^ Portugal casualties
Figures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,333 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW^[1,354].
^ Romania casualties
Military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnnaire from the International Labour Office"^[6,64]. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85].
^ Russia casualties
Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85]. The estimate of total Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.^[6,46-57]
^ Serbia casualties
Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85].The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis^[6,62-64]
^ South Africa casualties
Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85]
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[4]
Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919-21^[15]. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead^[1,237].
^ UK and Crown Colonies casualties
Included in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[6,85].
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[4]
Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 1919-21 and 13,632 Merchant Navy deaths^[5]. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK^[1,237], 507 from "Other colonies"^[1,237] and the Royal Navy (32,287)^[1,339].
The Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately ^[1,339]; The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK^[1,674-678].
^ United States casualties
Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[1], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead ^[11,481].

[edit] References

1. ^ -Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914-1920, The War Office March 1922 -Reprinted by Naval & Military Press- ISBN 1847346812
2. ^ Gilbert,Martin-Atlas of World War I, Oxford UP, 1994. ISBN 0195210778
3. ^ -Tucker, Spencer C. The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, Garland Publishing, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-8153-3351-X
4. ^ -The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 -The report is available online at [2].
5. ^ -The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Debt of Honour Register.[3]
6. ^ -Urlanis, Boris, Wars and Population, Moscow, 1971
7. ^ -"Huber M.,La Population de la France pendant la guerre, Paris 1931
8. ^ -"Bujac, Jean. Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918-1922, Paris, 1930
9. ^ Mortara, G. La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra, New Haven: Yale University Press 1925.
10. ^ Harries, Merion, Soldiers of the Sun-The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army,Random House, 1991 ISBN 0679753036
11. ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.