Damghan

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Damghan is a city of Iran, in Semnan Province, 342 km. from Tehran on the high-road thence to Khorasan, at an elevation of 1250 m. and in 36° 10' N., 54° 20' E. Pop. (1996) 49,200.

The city has a trade in pistachios and almonds, the latter being of the kind called Kaghazi ("of paper") with very thin shells, famous throughout the country.

Damghan was an important city in the middle ages, but only the Tari-khaneh ruined mosque with a number of massive columns and some fine wood carvings and two minarets of the 11th century remains of that period. Near the city, a few miles south and south-west, are the remains of Hecatompylos, extending from Frat, 16 mi. south of Damghan, to nearly 20 mi. west. Damghan was destroyed by the Afghans in 1723. On an eminence in the western part of the city are the ruins of a large square citadel with a small white-washed building, called Molud Khaneh (the house of birth), in which Fath Ali Shah was born (1772). The Tari Khaneh (cA. 9th century), Possibly the oldest known mosque in Iran still stands in the city.

In the southeast of city there is ruin of a castle from Sassanids and now called Tappeh Hessar which it thought to be a garrison. After excavation in 1996, archeologists announced that the area ruins indicated 3 layers from 3 different eras. The eldest one dates back to 4000 BCE when the Aryans settled in the Iranian plateau.

Despite 7,000 years history Damghan, located east of Iran, has been forgotten beneath desert sand duns, whilst it is one of the most ancient urban metropolis in the Iranian plateau and hides many secrets covered by sands. Damghan is sitting still for many years like a seaport without shore at the skirts of the scorching desert and even refused to beg rain from heaven. With over 7,000 years history and a many historical monuments including Tappeh Hessar which belongs to the Median (728-550 BCE), Parthians (248-224 CE)) and Sassanid (224-651 CE) dynastic periods -- the Tarikhaneh was built as a fire temple during the Sassanid dynasty and converted into a mosque after the advant of Islam and many other historical buildings belonging to Seljuks and other periods -- Damghan has witnessed many historical epoches.

1 History
2 Tarikhnameh, the oldest mosque in Iran
3 Hashshashin Forts
4 Cheshmeh-Ali
5 Notable People
6 Higher education
7 See Also
8 References

[edit] History

Historiographers ascribe the construction of Damghan to Hooshang, Keyumars' great grandson and the founder of the legendary Pishdadi dynasty. The historical town has inherited various names such as Qoomes. Qoomes or Qumis was a province stretching from Sabzevar to Garmsar, from north up to Alborz Mountain Range and to the Lut Desert in the south. Up to the 1st century A.D., Damghan was the capital of that great province.

During Alexander of Macedon's invasion into Iran, the Greeks called it Hecatompylos. The Greeks called every big and important city as hecatompylos and they have recorded a similar big and bustling Egyptian city with that appellation.

Tappeh Hessar a treasure forgotten by the dust of history Of historical treasures in Damghan one must refer to the valuable Tappeh Hessar which was constructed before the birth of Christ. Professor Hertzfeld (1931-1933) and Dr. Schmidt (1933-1938) were the first archaeologists who explored the Tappeh.

Tappeh Hessar with several layers of civilizations is hiding a long history in its bosom. Part of the layers in the Tappeh belong to the Mades dynasty which shared its civilization with Mesopotamia. Another layer covers the Achamenid, Parthian and Seleucid periods. Tappeh Hessar achieved its peak of glory during the Seleucid and Parthian periods. During the reign of Arsaces II, Damghan was the capital of the Parthian Empire in Iran. With the discovery of relics from that period one comes across another layer which is ascribed to the Sassanians. Historical excavations has shown that the history of Damghan starts 4 ~ 5 thousand years BCE. For example Carbon 16 isotope inspections in Tappeh Hessar have revealed items belonging to 7,000 years ago. Recently expansion of Tehran-Mashhad railway into double lanes the body of a woman along with her fetus was discovered with over 7,000 years age.

Scientists have discovered metal in her teeth which leads us to believe that she was the goddess Tootam. Tootam worship was a religion which prevailed among the Iranians, Egyptians and Indians many thousand years ago.

[edit] Tarikhnameh, the oldest mosque in Iran

Tarikhaneh Mosque is in fact the oldest mosque in Iran belonging to the 1st century after arrival of Islam which still preserves its original shape. Tarikhaneh and Nayeen Mosque in Isfahan are the only mosques in the Islamic World which resemble the Medina Mosque. This mosque was built during the 8th century A.D. by imitating Roman, Iranian and Arabic architecture. This is an Arabic design but the building material and architecture is Sassanid. This leads us to believe that originally it had been a fire temple during the Sassanid period, and later the mosque was built over its ruins. One column resembling Sassanian architecture at the eastern wing is a proof of this assertion.

Tarikhaneh Mosque is equipped with a square yard and a gallery with 18 columns facing the Qiblah and the three sides of the yard are surrounded by porticos. The minaret rising over the mosque is said to belong to Seljuks and the tiled inscription over the minaret is in fact the oldest tile work in Islamic architecture.

The prefix "Tari", a Turkish or Mongol term, means God and "khaneh" is Iranian word for house so the word means the house of God.

City fortification a sassanid architecture Walls or fortifications and battlements have survived in many parts in Damghan. As mentioned in the history the wall was very wide and enabled chariots to drive over it. The remains of that wall can be seen north and south of Damghan.

Seljuk architecture Much treasure has survived from the Seljuk period in Damghan. Peer-e Alamdar's Shrine (The Old Flagbearer's Tomb), Congregation Mosque or Masjed Jame', the minaret of Congregation Mosque, Tarikhaneh Mosque, Mansourkuh, Imamzadeh Jafar Tower and Chehel Dokhtaran Vault, etc. are buildings in which Islamic architecture from Seljuk period onward is notable. For the first time in Iran these buildings carry brick decorations to compensate for the monotonous and uniform rows.

Chehel Dokhtaran a family vault Chehel Dokhtaran Vault is located at the center of Damghan and behind Imamzade Jafar, both of which belong to Seljuk period. A Kufi inscription in the edifice says the vault was built in 466 A.H. (1087 A.D.) and has survived without cracks although the city is lying on the earthquake belt.

What is more interesting in the vault is its onion-like dome which is adorned by bricks with artistic images and an inscription. The building which used to be a family vault is 14.8 m high and in its famous inscription the deceased have sought divine mercy in their lasting residence.

[edit] Hashshashin Forts

North of the city, along the Cheshme Ali and Mazandaran road, there are two forts build on the top of two mountains.

The first one is 5 km far from the city, on the peak of Gerdkuh, one of the main Ismaili's Hashshashin fortress which used by Hassan Sabah. It was conquered by Hulagu Khan finally. Due to circular shape of mountain peak, it was name Gerdkuh, Gerd for circular (round) and Kuh for mountain. This shape made it very difficult to access by invaders.

Another one is Mehrnegar Fort on Mansourkuh, 22 km north of city, along the roud. The mountain is Pyramid like and the fort located on its top. This was one of the fortifications of dreaded Ismaili esoteric sect during Seljuk invasion and has been named Mehrnegar because of Princess Mehrnegar's love story.

[edit] Cheshmeh-Ali

Evergreen Cheshmeh-Ali, This is one of the permanent springs in Damghan, 30 km north of the city. Thanks to its verdant foliage and pleasant climate this region has been frequented by people from ancient times. During the Qajar period many buildings were constructed in Cheshmeh Ali among which the Fat'hali Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan palaces still stand erect. Fat'hali Shah's palace is built in the middle of a lagoon placed between the first and second spring and Aqa Mohammad-Khan's palace is facing opposite the former palace. Cheshmeh-Ali has always interested the visiting tourists.

Beside those mentioned above one might refer to the Gonbade Zangol, Toghrol's Tower, Qoosheh Amirabad Caravansary (A Shah Abbas, The Great era building), historical hills and hazel-shaped castles around the city as well as Gerdkuh and Masoumzadeh Mehmandoust fortifications. Damghan's bazaar contains tombs, old schools, baths and the like. Out of historical monuments in Damghan which has always interested foreign archaeologists many relics have been unearthed which are deposited in the British and French museums and display ancient Iranian civilization.

Damghan shines like a bezel in the desert region. With its ample cultural heritages and authentic background Damghan's ancient civilization is undeniable and each relic in the city can substantiate its genuine past.

But rubbing the dust of forgetfulness off this shining bezel we can display Damghan's ancient shining face to the world and introduce it as an important tourism and sightseeing place in Iran.

[edit] Notable People

Hosein Qoli Khan known as Jahnsooz, the fater of Qajar king, Fath Ali Shah, he was ruler of Damghan assigned by Karim Khan
Fath Ali Shah, the Qajar King, born in Damghan
Manuchehri Damghani,Islamic era Poet
Mahdavi Damghani,Contemporary Iranian Islam scholar
Yadollah Royai, Contemporary Iranian Poet
Hasan Damghani, one of the Sarbadars
Hasan Sobhani, current Damghan representative in Iran Parliment or Majlis
S. Reza Taghavi, previous Majlis representative from Damghan and Tehran