Buffyverse canon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Buffyverse canon consists of materials that are thought to be genuine (or "official") and those events, characters, settings, etc., that are considered to have inarguable existence within the fictional universe established by Buffy. The Buffyverse is expanded through other additional materials such as comics, novels, pilots, promos and video games which do not necessarily take place in the exact same fictional continuity as the Buffy episodes/Angel episodes. Star Trek, Star Wars, and other prolific sci-fi/fantasy franchises have similarly gathered complex fictional continuities through hundreds of stories told in different formats.[1]
Using the religious analogy of a canon of Scripture, things that are not canon are considered "apocryphal". See Biblical canon. When a body of work is not specifically accepted or rejected by an authority, 'canon' can be a fluid term that is interpreted differently by different people. This is the case with 'Buffyverse canon', which has yet to be publicly defined by an authority to the satisfaction and consensus of all fans (see: links to canon debates). The creator of the Buffyverse, Joss Whedon, has implied that additional materials he was not heavily involved in creating were separate from canon.[2]
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[edit] Comics and novels
Outside of the TV series, the Buffyverse has been expanded and elaborated on by various authors and artists in the so-called "Buffyverse Expanded Universe". The Buffyverse novels, and Buffyverse comics are licensed by 20th Century Fox, but are generally considered 'less real' within the Buffyverse (apocryphal).[3]
Despite this, they have been licensed as official Buffy the Vampire Slayer or Angel merchandise. Furthermore many authors have said that Whedon or his office have had to approve their overall outline for their novel/comic if not the final product. This was to prevent the stories venturing too far from the original intentions of Buffy/Angel stories (see below). These works are commonly considered non-canon. Jeff Mariotte, author of Buffyverse novels and comics believes that "in licensed fiction what's on the screen is canon, and the rest is not. I've done a lot of original licensed fiction and am used to that."[3] However commentators often refer to selected materials closely associated with Whedon as canon.
[edit] Works by Buffyverse cast or writers
- By Joss Whedon
Materials associated with Joss Whedon are typically described as canon by commentators,[citation needed] and by Whedon himself. For example he announced in 2005 "Darkhorse Comics are starting a new Buffy comic, and as I understand it, it will take place after the end of Buffy and Angel and be canon in the Buffy world. And I understand it that way 'cause I'm writing it!"[4] "We could make it officially what happened after the end of the show."[5] These comics will be released from March 2007 onwards.
He has also written Long Night's Journey (a mini-series of comics which takes place early during Angel Season 2) and short stories for Tales of the Slayers and Tales of the Vampires. He let selected members of his staff of writers write the others (specifically Ben Edlund, Jane Espenson, David Fury, Drew Goddard, Doug Petrie, and Rebecca Rand Kirshner).
Fray is an eight-part comic series written by Whedon, about a vampire slayer of the future named Melaka Fray. In the Buffyverse, a powerful scythe used by Buffy (in "Chosen") will be found in centuries to come by Melaka. In 2001, whilst Whedon was still producing Buffy he spoke about his concern of implications of information established by Fray (and Buffy comics generally) affecting the canon Buffyverse:
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- "When it comes to Buffy, I do the show and that's it. Anything I do in a comic might interfere with the canon, or interfere with what I'm doing on the show. With Fray, I thought, okay, I'll do something new, that's in the Buffy universe so that I don't have to create a whole new universe for my first foray into comics. It can therefore be of interest to the fans, yet not interfere with anything[6]
However, the Buffy series finale did not match continuity set by Fray. In Fray no mention is made of the Slayer's essence being split amongst multiple women.[7] An interviewer asked: "In Fray you have that bit where you touch on what happened to all the magic and demons and that didn’t happen at the end of Buffy, which I sort of expected. Is that the kind of thing we should just forget about?". Whedon responded "No, that’s actually something I hope to deal with, either in the Spike format or in another series of Fray. There’s a discrepancy there that I plan to explain. I have a vision for it."[2]
In an interview with TV Guide, Whedon revealed that he considered TV tie-in comics to be "ancillary" unless written by the script-writers:
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- "TVGuide.com: Have you seen the Battlestar Galactica comic?
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- Whedon: No, I don't think I can do it. I love Battlestar too hard. I couldn't look at any ancillary work.
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- TVGuide.com: I love Buffy "hard," so are you saying we fans shouldn't read the [Buffy the Vampire Slayer season eight (by Whedon)]?
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- Whedon: No, because if they stopped doing Battlestar Galactica, and then two or three years later Ron Moore and David Eick said, "We ourselves are going to continue the story in comic-book form — as opposed to something ancillary to the show done by other people," then I would be all over it. That's not to say the Battlestar comic isn't great, but I love that show the way other people love Buffy. I love it unreasonably."[8]
- By Mutant Enemy
Several of the comics have been written by the scriptwriters of Mutant Enemy Productions. Doug Petrie wrote comics, Ring of Fire, Double Cross, and Bad Dog. Jane Espenson has written comics, (Haunted, Jonathan, and Reunion), as well as two Tales of the Slayer prose shorts ("Again, Sunnydale" and "Two Teenage Girls at the Mall"). Rebecca Rand Kirshner also wrote a prose short story for Tales of the Slayer, "The War Between the States".
- By Buffyverse cast
Two actors have co-authored comics with Christopher Golden. The actor James Marsters who portrayed Spike co-authored "Paint the Town Red", whilst Amber Benson co-authored Willow & Tara. Benson also wrote the comic short story "The Innocent" (which appeared in Tales of the Slayers)
[edit] Works by other authors
All other comics and novels (those not mentioned above) were written by authors that were not involved with any level of production of the television series Buffy/Angel. Buffyverse novelists are listed here, and Buffyverse comic-writers here.
- Continuity problems
The creators of these works are generally free to tell their own stories set in the Buffyverse, and may or may not keep to established continuity. Similarly writers for the TV series were under no obligation to use continuity which has been established by the Expanded Universe, and sometimes contradicted it.
Usually the authors and editors of these licensed materials try not to contradict information that has been established by canon. However, many of the materials do directly contradict it. For example, according to Monster Island, Spike and Gunn meet in the Hyperion Hotel in Angel Season 3.[9] Buffyverse canon later established that Spike and Gunn meet in the Wolfram and Hart L.A. offices in Angel Season 5.[10] These might result due to human error on the part of the author(s) and/or editor(s). Mariotte points out, "Sometimes stuff shows up on screen that contradicts what you wrote, and sometimes the timing is such that a book comes out after the episode that contradicts it airs"[3]
Some of the licensed materials successfully avoid contradicting any information given in episodes. For examples How I Survived My Summer Vacation features short stories that take place after Buffy Season 1 but before Season 2.
- Joss Whedon's involvement with novels and comics
A number of comments by Buffyverse writers have indicated that although they know they are not writing Buffyverse canon, overviews for their stories may still have been checked over by Whedon.
Referring to Whedon, Christopher Golden said "He has to approve everything. I should say, his office has to approve everything, so sometimes he gets more involved than others in doing those approvals".[11] "There are times in both books and comics when I know he has gotten involved because the word, sort of, comes down from him.".[12] Similarly Peter David, was asked about his comic, Spike: Old Times, "Did you get any input from Whedon himself?" He replied that "Ostensibly comments came from Whedon, although for all I know, it was from an associate."[13]
Jeff Mariotte has revealed more detail of the approval process:
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- "I come up with a proposal that's eight or ten pages long and I submit that to Pocket Books. They read it and if they like it then they submit it to 20th Century Fox and the Buffy office. If everybody approves it then I can get to work. ...If I proposed doing something that was counter to what they wanted the direction of the character to be, they would tell me.".[14]
Mariotte implies that little input is given, only acceptance or rejection of general ideas:
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- "In the world of licensing there is a difference between 'approval' and 'input', and I'm not sure what the legal relationship between Fox and Mutant Enemy is. My impression is that Fox is doing everything in its power to make sure Joss is happy with what we do, and I know that Joss is looking at everything and making comments or thumbs-up, thumbs-down on stuff."[3]
Joss Whedon was asked "How much attention do you pay to the peripheral stuff, the novels and the comics?". Speaking of those he did not write himself, he responded
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- "Not very much. I just don’t have time. I give them a few guidelines of things they should stay away from, things that we’re going to be dealing with or things that would disrupt the canon or things that are just antithetical to what I believe in".[2]
Elsewhere Whedon has pointed out that he has never entirely read a single Buffy novel, and has little time to devote to such material. He therefore knows little of the final product, or of their quality control.
[edit] Other additions to the Buffyverse
Discluding the Buffy/Angel episodes, novels and comics, there have been a variety of other additions to the Buffyverse.
The 1992 comedy film starring Kristy Swanson as Buffy. It was written by Joss Whedon and directed by Fran Rubel Kuzui. In 2001, Whedon described his experience watching the film, "I finally sat down and had written it and somebody had made it into a movie, and I felt like -- well, that's not quite her. It's a start, but it's not quite the girl."[15] The film contradicts continuity established by the Buffy series. For example the nature of vampires differs in significant ways: In the film, vampires do not have 'bumpy' faces whilst feeding, and can fly; they also do not turn into dust when killed. However, the series continuity does reveal that Buffy's past in L.A. was a rather similar story. The film was translated to comic form but within the series continuity in The Origin, which was written as a four-part comic series by Christopher Golden and Dan Brereton. Whedon has stated: "The origin comic, though I have issues with it, CAN pretty much be accepted as canonical. They did a cool job of combining the movie script (the SCRIPT) with the series, that was nice, and using the series Merrick." [16] Therefore this item supersedes the films non-canonicity.
Whedon wrote and partly funded a 25-minute unaired Buffy pilot[17], but he was not happy with the final product (he has been quoted in an interview about the pilot, "It sucks on ass"[18]). The continuity is completely superseded by a similar story told in the first Buffy episode, "Welcome to the Hellmouth".
The unaired Angel pitch tape was produced prior to the series. It features Angel speaking toward the camera (possibly breaking the Fourth wall).
Two Buffyverse screen tests have been widely released, both of which are found on the Angel Season 3 DVD set (disc six): Amy Acker's screen test for the role of Winifred Burkle, and Vincent Kartheiser's test for the role of Connor. These are associated with Angel cast and crew. Acker's test involves a scene with the characters, Fred, Wesley and Gunn. Fred tries and fails to alert Wesley to an imminent danger but Wesley (and later Gunn) are struck by a love spell which causes them to profess their love for her. Kartheiser's test involves the characters Connor, and Angel. Connor wishes to leave the Hyperion, but his father, Angel, attempts to stop him.
Some promotional material aired on WB and UPN featured Buffyverse actors portraying their characters in original material. For example Sarah Michelle Gellar appeared as Buffy for 1800-COLLECT adverts, similarly Nicholas Brendon played Xander in Barq's commercials. Some Buffy Season 6 UPN promos consisted of the Scooby Gang talking about Buffy. Whedon's degree of involvement in the making of such promotional clips is not publicly known.
The games do not contradict continuity established by the series. Furthermore many of the actors from the shows have provided their voices for the games (with the notable exceptions of Hannigan and Gellar. Gellar did not voice her character Buffy for both games and Hannigan was unable to voice her character of Willow for the second game due to a conflict with shooting the movie "American Wedding"). Joss Whedon was involved in Chaos Bleeds and appears in the special features, and as a secret playable character.
Mutant Enemy Productions have at various times gone into the early stages of development with potential Buffyverse spinoffs that were ultimately unproduced. Faith the Vampire Slayer, Ripper, Slayer School, and the Spike movie would have taken place within the same fictional continuity. Buffy the Animated Series may have followed a slightly alternative continuity since promotional artwork has shown that the Sunnydale High library would have looked dramatically different than it had in the Buffy episodes.[19]
The David Fury-written script, "Corrupt", establishes an alternative continuity after the premiere Angel episode, "City of".[20]. Events that take place in the story are instead superseded by the continuity of the second Angel episode, "Lonely Hearts", the episode which was written to replace "Corrupt".
[edit] Unofficial works
The following works are not licensed by 20th Century Fox as Buffy/Angel merchandise, and do not have any involvement from any Buffyverse cast and crew:
- Buffy the Vampire Slayer adult parodies - Includes the graphic novel Boffy the Vampire Layer, and several pornographic films; Buffy the Vampire Layer, Muffy the Vampire Layer, and Muffy the Vampire Slayer.
- Forged in Flames - Published fictional novel by Gillian Silverlight.
[edit] External links
[edit] Examples of fandom commentary on Buffyverse canonicity
- Buffy Canon vs. Fanon
- Kitty Archive - kitty posters debate over how fandom can influence how 'canon' is perceived
- Whedonesque.com - A long debate over what is or is not 'canon'
[edit] References
- ^ See Star Trek canon , Star Wars canon. These canons have been more clearly defined than the Buffyverse canon.
- ^ a b c Faraci, Devin, Exclusive Interview: Joss Whedon, CHUD.com (September 22, 2005)
- ^ a b c d Naso, Markisan, Jeff Mariotte: Cursed, Silver Bullet Comic Books (2005)
- ^ Whedon, Joss "Joss to never learn how to work site!". Whedonesque.com (November 09 2005)
- ^ Rudolph, Ileane,"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Is Back: The Complete Joss Whedon Q&A". TV Guide (December 7, 2006)
- ^ Nazzaro, Joe, "Interview with Joss Whedon", Starburst #48 (June 2001). Cited from fanficcafe.
- ^ Whedon, Joss, "Chosen", Buffy TV episode (2003)
- ^ Rudolph, Ileane,"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Is Back: The Complete Joss Whedon Q&A". TV Guide (December 7, 2006)
- ^ Golden, Christopher & Sniegoski, Thomas E., Monster Island, Pocket Books, (March 2003)
- ^ Whedon, Joss, "Conviction" Angel TV series (2003).
- ^ Bratton, Kristy, "Behind the Scenes with Christopher Golden", Cityofangel.com (2000).
- ^ Bratton, Kristy, "Dragon*Con 2000", Cityofangel.com (2000).
- ^ David, Peter, "Spike Comic", Peterdavid.malibulist.com (March 12, 2005).
- ^ Barrera, Rachel, "City of Angel - Jeff Mariotte: Armed with Pen and Stake", Cityofangel.com (2000).
- ^ Ervin-Gore, Shawna, "Dark Horse; Joss Whedon" darkhorse.com (2001).
- ^ Hsiao, James T. (archiver), "Bronze VIP Archive" The Bronze (January 17, 1999).
- ^ Topping, Keith "Slayer". Virgin Publishing, (December 1, 2004), p7
- ^ Ken, P., "An Interview with Joss Whedon", filmforce.ign.com, page 10 (June 23, 2003).
- ^ Wight, Eric, "Sunnydale High School Library: Visual Development", Ericwight.com (2003).
- ^ Fury, David, "Corrupt" shooting script, (2000).
All links active as of November 2006
