Madhya Pradesh

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Madhya Pradesh
Capital  - Coordinates	Bhopal  - 23.17° N 77.21° E
Largest city	Indore
Population (2001)  - Density	60,385,118 (7th)  - 196/km²
Area  - Districts	308,144 km² (2nd)  - 48
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Establishment  - Governor  - Chief Minister  - Legislature (seats)	1956-11-01  - Balram Jakhar  - Shivraj Singh Chouhan  - Unicameral (231)
Official language(s)	Hindi
Abbreviation (ISO)	IN-MP
Website: www.mp.nic.in

Madhya Pradeś pronunciation (help·info) (Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश, English: Middle State, IPA: [məd̪ʰjə prəd̪eːʃ]), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh was originally the largest state in India until November 1, 2000 when the state of Chhattisgarh was carved out. It borders the states Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient 1.2 Medieval 1.3 Modern 1.4 After Indian independence 2 Geography 2.1 Rivers of Madhya Pradesh 3 Economy 3.1 Macro-economic trend 3.2 Agriculture 3.3 Industry 3.4 Minor forest produce 4 Government and politics 5 Divisions 5.1 Districts 5.2 Agro-climatic zones 6 Transport 7 Demographics 7.1 Languages 8 Culture 8.1 Heritage and architecture 9 Flora and fauna 9.1 The forests 9.1.1 Forest area 9.1.2 Forest composition 9.1.3 Forest growing stock 9.2 Natural areas 10 Education 10.1 Universities 10.2 Institutes 10.3 Colleges 10.4 Schools 11 Media 12 Sports 13 See also 14 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Ancient

The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BCE, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BCE), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center. The Satavahana dynasty of the northern Deccan controlled parts of Madhya Pradesh during the 1st to 3rd centuries CE.

Northern India was conquered by the Gupta empire in the 4th and 5th centuries, which became known as India's "classical age". The Vakataka dynasty were the southern neighbors of the Guptas, ruling the northern Deccan plateau from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal. These empires collapsed towards the end of the 5th century.

[edit] Medieval

The attacks of the Hephthalites or White Huns brought about the collapse of the Gupta empire, and India broke up into smaller states. A king Yasodharman of Malwa defeated the Huns in 528, ending their expansion. King Harsha of Thanesar reunited northern India for a few decades before his death in 647. The Medieval period saw the rise of the Rajput clans, including the Paramaras of Malwa and the Chandelas of Bundelkhand. The Paramara king Bhoj (c. 1010-1060) was a brilliant polymath and prolific writer. The Chandelas created the temple city of Khajuraho between c. 950 and c. 1050. Gond kingdoms emerged in Gondwana and Mahakoshal. Northern Madhya Pradesh was conquered by the Muslim Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century. After the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate at the end of the 14th century, independent regional kingdoms reemerged, including the Tomara Rajput kingdom of Gwalior and the Muslim Sultanate of Malwa, with its capital at Mandu. The Malwa Sultanate was conquered by the Sultanate of Gujarat in 1531.

[edit] Modern

Most of Madhya Pradesh came under Mughal rule during the reign of the emperor Akbar (1556 – 1605). Gondwana and Mahakoshal remained under the control of Gond kings, who acknowledged Mughal supremacy but enjoyed virtual autonomy. After the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 Mughal control began to weaken, and the Marathas began to expand from their base in central Maharashtra. Between 1720 and 1760 the Marathas took control of most of Madhya Pradesh, and Maratha clans were established semi-autonomous states under the nominal control of the Maratha Peshwa. The Holkars of Indore ruled much of Malwa, and the Bhonsles of Nagpur dominated Mahakoshal and Gondwana as well as Vidarbha in Maharashtra. Jhansi was founded by a Maratha general. Bhopal was ruled by a Muslim dynasty descended from the Afghan General Dost Mohammed Khan. Maratha expansion was checked at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

The British were expanding their Indian dominions from bases in Bengal, Bombay, and Madras, and the three Anglo-Maratha wars were fought between 1775 and 1818. The Third Anglo-Maratha War left the British supreme in India. Most of Madhya Pradesh, including the large states of Indore, Bhopal, Nagpur, Rewa, and dozens of smaller states, became princely states of British India, and the Mahakoshal region became a British province, the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories. In 1853 the British annexed the state of Nagpur, which included southeastern Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra and most of Chattisgarh, which were combined with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories to form the Central Provinces in 1861. The princely states of northern Madhya Pradesh were governed by the Central India Agency.

[edit] After Indian independence

Madhya Pradesh was created in 1950 from the former British Central Provinces and Berar and the princely states of Makrai and Chhattisgarh, with Nagpur as the capital of the state. The new states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were formed out of the Central India Agency. In 1956, the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathi-speaking southern region Vidarbha, which included Nagpur, was ceded to Bombay state. Bhopal became the new capital of the state. In November 2000, as part of the Madhya Pradesh Reorganization Act, the southeastern portion of the state split off to form the new state of Chhattisgarh.

[edit] Geography

Madhya Pradesh in Hindi can be translated to Central Province, and it is located in the geographic heart of India. The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; these ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundary between the north and south of India. The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar Pradesh, on the east by Chhattisgarh, and on the south by Maharashtra.

Madhya Pradesh comprises several linguistically and culturally distinct regions, including:

• Malwa: a plateau region in the northwest of the state, north of the Vindhya Range, with its distinct language and culture. Indore is the major city of the region, while Bhopal lies on the edge of Bundelkhand region. Ujjain is a town of historical importance.
• Nimar (Nemar): the western portion of the Narmada River valley, lying south of the Vindhyas in the southwest portion of the state.
• Bundelkhand: a region of rolling hills and fertile valleys in the northern part of the state, which slopes down toward the Indo-Gangetic plain to the north. Gwalior is an historic center of the region.
• Chambal: the north-western region. A mountainous region rich in red, soft, and fragile sandstone. The climate is harsh, and the area is known for murderous pirates who were active in hundreds in the late 1900s.
• Baghelkhand: a hilly region in the northeast of the state, which includes the eastern end of the Vindhya Range.
• Mahakoshal (Mahakaushal): the southeastern portion of the state, which includes the eastern end of the Narmada river valley and the eastern Satpuras. Jabalpur is the most important city in the region.
• Central Vindhya and Satpura region. Which has most of the central Narmada river valley and watershed, and has the highest point in the state - Dhupgarh in Pachmarhi.

[edit] Rivers of Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh represents great river basins and the watershed of a number of rivers. Catchments of many rivers of India are lying in Madhya Pradesh. The Narmada (originating from Amarkantak) and Tapti (originating from Multai of Betul District) rivers and their basins divide the state in two, with the northern part draining largely into the Ganga basin and the southern part into the Godavari and Mahanadi systems. The Vindhyas form the southern boundary of the Ganga basin, with the western part of the Ganga basin draining into the Yamuna and the eastern part directly into the Ganga itself. All the rivers, which drain into the Ganga, flow from south to north, with the Chambal, Sipra, Kali Sind, Parbati, Kuno, Sind, Betwa, Dhasan and Ken rivers being the main tributaries of the Yamuna. The land drained by these rivers is agriculturally rich, with the natural vegetation largely consisting of grass and dry deciduous forest types, largely thorny. The eastern part of the Ganga basin consists of the Son, the Tons and the Rihand Rivers, with the Son being the major tributary. This is also the junction point of the Satpura and the Vindhya ranges, with the Maikal and Kaimur Hills being the fulcrum. The forests here are much richer than the thorn forests of the northwestern part of Madhya Pradesh. The Son is of great significance in that it is the largest tributary going into the Ganga on the south bank and arising out of the hills of Madhya Pradesh rather than from the Himalayas. This river and its tributaries contribute the bulk of the monsoon flow into Ganga, because the north bank tributaries are all snow fed.

The major tributary of the Ganga, the Son, arises in one of the most important watersheds in India, the Maikal hills around Amarkantak. Three of the great rivers of India, Narmada, Mahanadi and Son, are given birth to by these hills. This is also one of the few ranges in the State having a north south configuration. The Mahanadi itself, together with its tributaries such as Hasdeo, Mand and Kharun flows southeast into Orissa and converts that State into a green rice bowl. The upper Mahanadi catchment contains some of the finest forests in the State, ranging from mixed deciduous to teak, bamboo and Sal. Just as the Mahanadi flows east from the Maikal hills and the Son flows north, the mighty Narmada charts a westerly course from these very hills. The Narmada flows through a rift valley, with the Vindhyas marching along its northern bank and the Satpuras along the southern. Its tributaries include the Banjar, the Tawa, the Machna, the Denwa and the Sonbhardra rivers. Taken in combination with its parallel sister river, the Tapti, which also flows through a rift valley, the Narmada - Tapti systems carry and enormous volume of water and provide drainage for almost a quarter of the land area of Madhya Pradesh.

The Satpuras, in the Gawligarh and Mahadeo Hills, also contain a watershed, which is south facing. The Indrawati, the Wainganga, the Wardha, the Pench, the Kanhan and Penganga rivers, discharge an enormous volume of water into the Godavari system. The Godavari is the lifeline of Andhra Pradesh, but the water which feeds it is a gift of the Central India watershed. Some of the finest sub-tropical, semi moist forests in India are to be found in the Godavari basin, mainly in the valley of the Indrawati. There are very few virgin forests left in the country, but very fine examples of these are to be found in Bastar area along the Indrawati and in the Kanger valley in Chhattisgarh.

The importance of Central India watershed was first noted by Captain Forsyth and remarked upon in his book, “The Highlands of Central India”, first published in 1889. This is what he has to state in the introductory chapter to his book, “Yet in the very center of India there exists a considerable region to which the term highlands—is strictly applicable; and in which are enormous peaks and ranges, for which the term mountain would, in any other country, be used. Several of the great rivers of India have their first source in this elevated region. And pour their water into the sea on either side of the peninsula – to the north the Son commingling with the Ganges, to the east the Mahanadi, flowing independently to the Bay of Bengal, to the south some of the principal feeders of the Godavari, and to the west the Narmada and the Tapti taking parallel courses to the Arabian Sea.

There are many important multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects.

[edit] Economy

[edit] Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Madhya Pradesh at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

Year	Gross State Domestic Product
1980	77,880 [1]
1985	139,050 [1]
1990	304,720 [1]
1995	478,410
2000	737,150

1. ^ ^{a b c} includes Chattisgarh

Madhya Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $32 billion in current prices. After partition, the new Madhya Pradesh state produces about 70% of the output of the old Madhya Pradesh state - the rest is produced by Chattisgarh.

[edit] Agriculture

This is a chart of output of major commodities of Madhya Pradesh.

Commodity	National Share
Soybeans	75%
Grams	36%
Oilseeds	25%
Pulses	24%
Food grains	8%

[edit] Industry

Only one S&P CNX 500 conglomerate has its corporate office in Madhya Pradesh viz. Ruchi Soya Industries (2005 gross income Rs.49,661 million).

[edit] Minor forest produce

MFP from the forests, such as Tendu leaves used to roll bidi's, Sal seed, teak seed and lak are a major contributor to the rural economy of the state.

[edit] Government and politics

The Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party are the leading parties in the state. The current chief minister- Shivraj Chauhan is from the BJP. Babulal Gaur and Uma Bharti were the preceding BJP chief ministers. Before the last election congress was in power for two terms and Digvijay Singh was the chief minister.

[edit] Divisions

[edit] Districts

Main article: Districts of Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh state is made up of 48 districts, which are grouped into nine divisions: Bhopal, Chambal, Gwalior, Indore, Jabalpur, Rewa, Sagar, and Ujjain.Hosangabad (Smallest division of MP)

Districts: Anuppur, Ashoknagar, Balaghat, Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Dindori, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni, Khandwa, Khargone, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Neemuch, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Sidhi, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Umaria, Vidisha.

[edit] Agro-climatic zones

Madhya Pradesh is divided into following agro-climatic zones:

• Kaimur Plateau and Satpura Hills
• Vindhyan Plateau (Hills)
• Narmada valley
• Wainganga valley
• Gird (Gwalior) Region
• Bundelkhand Region
• Satpura Plateau (Hills)
• Malwa Plateau
• Nimar Plateau
• Jhabua Hills

[edit] Transport

Madhya Pradesh being sourounded by land has both Land and Air transport facility. Buses and Trains are well spread all over the MP . Air Transport is at Indore , Bhopal, Jabalpur, Gwalior and Khajuraoo .

[edit] Demographics

The majority of the population of Madhya Pradesh are Hindus. Hindus contribute nearly 90 percent of the state population. Muslims are nearly 6 percent and rest are Sikhs, Jains,Zoroastrians,Christians and Buddhists.

[edit] Languages

The predominant language of the region is Hindi. Urdu is widely spoken in Bhopal, Burhanpur, the former princely state of Sironj (Tonk), Kurwai and Muslim dominated areas of urban agglomerations. In Old Bhopal, a unique style of Bhopali Urdu perfected by Jagdeep in Sholay, is spoken.

In addition to standard Hindi, several regional variants are spoken, which are considered by some to be dialects of Hindi, and by others to be distinct but related languages. Among these languages are Malvi in Malwa, Nimadi in Nimar, Bundeli in Bundelkhand, and Bagheli and Avadhi in Bagelkhand and the southeast. Each of these languages or dialects has dialects of its own. Other languages include Bhilodi (Bhili), Gondi, and Kalto (Nahali), all spoken by tribal groups. Due to rule of Marathas, Marathi is spoken by a substantial number of people.

[edit] Culture

[edit] Heritage and architecture

Several cities in Madhya Pradesh are extraordinary for their architecture and or scenic beauty. Three sites in Madhya Pradesh have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO: the Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) including Devi Jagadambi temple, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) and the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003). Other architecturally significant or scenic sites include Ajaigarh, Asirgarh,Bawangaja, Bhopal, Chanderi, Dhar, Gwalior, Indore, Maheshwar, Mandleshwar, Mandu, Omkareshwar, Orchha, Pachmarhi, Shivpuri, Sonagiri and Ujjain. MP being very large geographically, and the history being spread over several millennia, a developing a comprehensive picture of heritage and architecture is a monumental task.

See also: :Wikitravel:Madhya Pradesh

[edit] Flora and fauna

[edit] The forests

[edit] Forest area

Madhya Pradesh is endowed with rich and diverse forest resources. Lying between lat. 21°04'N and long. 74°02' and 82°49' E, it is a reservoir of biodiversity. The geographical area of the state is 308,144 km² which constitutes 9.38% of the land area of the country. The forest area of the state is 95,221 km² constituting 31% of the geographical area of the state and 12.44% of the forest area of the country. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest", which constitute 61.7%, 37.4% and 0.9% of the forest area respectively. Per capita forest area is 2,400 m² as against the national average of 700 m²

[edit] Forest composition

Central, eastern and southern parts of the state are rich, whereas northern and western parts are deficient in forest. Variability in climatic and edaphic conditions brings about significant difference in the forest types of the state. There are four important forest types viz. Tropical Moist, Tropical Dry, Tropical Thorn , Subtropical broadleaved Hill forests. The forest area can also be classified based on the composition of forest and terrain of the area. Based on composition, there are three important forest formations namely Teak forest , Sal forest and Miscellaneous Forests. Bamboo bearing areas are widely distributed in the state. To obviate pressure on the natural forests , plantations have been undertaken in forest and non forest areas to supplement the availability of fuel wood , small timber , fodder etc. MP lost a good amount of forrest recently when Chattisgarh was carved out of it, as that region was the richest reserve of forrests in MP.

[edit] Forest growing stock

The total growing stock (volume of timber / wood) is 500 lakh m³ valued worth Rs 2.5 lakh Crores.

[edit] Natural areas

Madhya Pradesh is home to several National Parks, including Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, and Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh.

There are also a number of nature preserves, including Amarkantak, Bagh Caves, Bhedaghat, Bori Nature Reserve, Ken Gharial, Ghatigaon, Kuno Palpur, Narwar, Chambal, Kukdeshwar, Narsinghgarh, Nora Dehi, Pachmarhi, Panpatha, Shikarganj, and Tamia.

[edit] Education

[edit] Universities

• Barkatullah University, Bhopal
• Bhoj University, Bhopal
• Indira Gandhi National Open University, Bhopal
• Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism, Bhopal
• National Law Institute University, Bhopal
• Rajiv Gandhi Technical University , Bhopal
• Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya (formerly Indore University)
• RDVV university (Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya), formerly Jabalpur University, Jabalpur
• Doctor Hari Singh Gour University, also known as University of Sagar , Sagar
• Vikram University, Ujjain

[edit] Institutes

• Awdesh Pratap singh University,Rewa
• University Institute of Technology of RGPV[1], Bhopal (Formerly Bhopal Engineering College)
• Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
• Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)
• Indian Institute of Hotel Management, Bhopal
• Indian Institute of Management Indore*
• Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET)Indore
• Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technical Studies (SGSITS) Indore
• Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College (MGM) Indore
• Institute for Excellence in Higher Education [2]
• Technocrats Institute of Technology, Anand Nagar , Bhopal.
• Institute of Professional Education and Research (IPER)
• Oriental Institute Of Science and Technology (OIST)
• Lakshmi Narain College of Technology(LNCT)
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Medical College , Jabalpur
• Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Jabalpur
• Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur. Estd 1836 & science degree courses started in 1896.
• Maharana Pratap College of Technology, Gwalior
• IIITM Gwalior
• Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management,IITTM, Gwalior
• Lakshmi Bai National Institute Of Physical Education (LNIPE), Gwalior
• Institute of Hotel Management, Gwalior
• Jiwaji University, Institute of Engineering Gwalior (IEJU)
• Indira Gandhi Engineering college , Sagar

[edit] Colleges

• Technocrats Institute of Technology(T.I.T), Bhopal
• Lakshmi Narain College of Technology(LNCT), Bhopal
• All Saints' College of Technology
• Benazir College
• Bhopal Institute of Technology and Science(BITS), Bhopal
• Gandhi Medical College
• Hamidia College
• Kamla Nehru College, Bhopal
• Maharani Laxmi Bai (Girls) College
• Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalay (Motilal Science College)
• Thakral College Of Technology , Bhopal
• NRI Institute of Information Science and Technology (NIIST)
• Oriental Institute of Science and Technology(OIST)
• RKDF Institute of Science & Technology
• Safia College
• Sagar Institute of Research and Technology (SIRT)
• Sarojini Naidu Girls P.G. College (also known as Nutan College)
• University Institute of Technology, Barkatullah University
• Holkar Science College Indore
• http://www.jec-jabalpur.org The Jabalpur Engineering College (JEC), Jabalpur (originally named Robertson Engineering College) [3]

Medicaps Institute of Technology and Management (M.I.T.M)Indore (M.P)

[edit] Schools

• All Saints School, Idgah Hills, Bhopal
• Queen Mary's Hr-Sec School, Rajeev Nagar , By-Pass Road, Bhopal.
• Cambridge Senior Secondary School, Idgah Hills, Bhopal
• Campion School , Bhopal
• Carmel Convent Senior Secondary School, B.H.E.L, Bhopal
• Delhi Public School Bhopal [4]
• Kamla Nehru Public Higher Secondary School, Bhopal
• Pd. Lajja Shankar Jha Govt. Model Higher Secondary School, Jabalpur
• St. Joseph's co-ed Senior Secondary School, Arera Colony, Bhopal
• St. Joseph's convent Senior Secondary School, Idgah Hills, Bhopal
• Daly College ,Indore
• St. Raphael's Girls School,Indore
• St. Paul's Higher Secondary School,
• Sri Sathya Sai Vidhya Vihar (popularly known as Sathya Sai),Indore
• South Indian Cultural Association (SICA) School
• Scindia School , Gwalior
• Carmel Convent School, Gwalior
• Saint Pauls' School, Gwalior
• Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya, Gwalior
• Saint Joseph's Convent School Sagar.
• St. Joseph Convent School,Khandwa.

[edit] Media

Dainik Bhaskar is the leading Hindi newspaper. Nai Duniya, Raj Express, Dainik Jagran and Nav Bharat are other prominent Hindi papers.

Daily Chetna Hindi Publish from Ratlam.

In English, Hindustan Times Bhopal edition leads all other papers. Central Chronicle, Pioneer and Free Press have editions from Bhopal. Bhopal is a centre of Urdu journalism also and Nadeem, the oldest newspaper of the state, is published from here. Urdu Action and Haq-o-Insaf are also published. Farz, a Sindhi daily is published from Bhopal is the only Sindhi newspaper in State.

[edit] Sports

Cosco Cricket is one of the famous sport in Madhya Pradesh (most famous in sagar Division/District).

Apart from Cosco Cricket, People in Madhya Pradesh also like Football, Basket-Ball, Volley-Ball, Cycling, Swimming, Tracking, Badminton, Tabel-Tennis. special adventure sports are being organised my miracles event eompanylike bike races and 4 wheeler racesevery year Below is the list of some traditioinal games :-

1. Gulli Danda. 2. Pittu. 3. Gadha Paddh.

[edit] See also

• List of political parties in Madhya Pradesh
• Malwa
• River Basins in Madhya Pradesh
• Dams in Madhya Pradesh

[edit] External links

• MP Portal
• MP Ecotourism Developement Board
• Govt. of MP
• MP Tourism
• MP Police
• Madhya Pradesh The Heart of India (outdated, but still informative)
• Investment - Industry / MP Industry
• Madhya Pradesh travel guide from Wikitravel