Flipping
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Flipping is a term, used primarily in the United States, which refers to the practice of buying an asset and quickly reselling (flipping) it for profit.
Though flipping can apply to any asset, the term is often applied to the practice of buying real estate at below market value, making needed repairs and improvements to the property, and reselling it for a higher price (generally near market value), thus making a profit.
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[edit] Types of Flipping
[edit] Multiple Investor Flip
Under the multiple investor flip, one investor purchases a property at below market value, sells it quickly to a second investor, who subsequently sells it to another party.
[edit] Fix and Flip
The most common flip involves only one investor, who obtains the property at below market value (the most common scenarios involve a property in need of major repair, or where the seller is forced to sell at below market value for other reasons, mainly the inability to make mortgage payments and needs to sell to avoid foreclosure), makes the necessary repairs, and sells the property at or nearer to market value, hoping that the sales price is higher than the purchase price plus costs of repair and financing.
This type of flip is featured on several television shows (see below).
[edit] Negative effects of real estate flipping
Many experts blame the US real estate bubble in 2004 and 2005 on investor speculation and "irrational" flipping. Very low interest rates were a root cause, but speculation and flipping compounded the bubble. Although the practice of flipping existed long before the real estate bubble, it became more rampant and widespread in those years. Flipping was so popular nationally that some DIY television programs detailed the process. Flipping trends have historically ended in disaster, such as during the Florida Real Estate Crash of the 1920s.[1] In 2006 we see, reported by USNEWS on Wed Jun 14 2006, that the "Housing bubble correction could be severe."[2]
Flipping can play a role in the gentrification of older communities. As flipping occurs more and more in a community, the total cost of living there can rise substantially, essentially forcing the local people, specifically the younger generations, to relocate. During the real estate bubble, flipping and gentrification both have been linked to the mass migration of Californians to the (once much) less expensive areas of the surrounding states such as Arizona, Nevada, Texas, and Washington. This migration of Californians caused further gentrification in the areas that they had moved to en masse. Areas such as Phoenix, AZ and Las Vegas, NV in which were once very inexpensive to live prior to the real estate bubble are now quite expensive. The chain reaction continued (continues?), as the gentrified people of these cities had to find somewhere cheaper to live to maintain their standard of living, where they undoubtedly caused gentrification of their own.[citation needed]
The other significant adverse financial aspect of the mentality of "flipping" is when interest rates increase. The resulting lack of sales, and major price depreciations (often far below) their previous increases, results in a flood of properties on the market at one time, not selling due to lack of buyers, causing a meltdown of a local market and potentially the economy as a whole. As the Wall Street Journal reported on Wed Jun 14 2006 that in the overheated and overvalued Menlo Park, CA area prices have fallen 22.6% year over year.[3][Quotation from source requested on talk page to verify interpretation of source]
Another issue caused by real-estate flipping is the influx of poorly remodeled homes on the market. Since more and more inexperienced people are becoming remodelers, the after product tends to be poorly or incorrectly done.[citation needed]
[edit] Positive effects of real estate flipping
Although most arguments surrounding flipping tend to be negative, it is also possible to identify some benefits from the practice as well.
For example, "rational" flipping can encourage a rejuvenation and restoration of a previously decrepit neighborhood where crime rates might be high (it is well known that decrepit and poorly lit neighborhoods tend to attract criminal elements such as drug dealers and prostitutes, which then drives away productive members of society, leaving more opportunities for more criminal element, thus producing a vicious cycle).
The restoration of a neighborhood creates jobs, particularly in construction, for locals and generates more sales (and sales taxes) to local vendors (initially those involved in selling construction materials). The newly remodelled homes will then attract new populations and businesses to a region, encouraging more economic development, plus the remodelled homes' higher assessed values brings more property tax revenues to local governments, allowing for more improvements to the area and driving out the criminal element.
Even on a single home basis, flipping can have positive impacts (the house itself will be in better condition and last longer, and can be sold at a higher price, thus increasing its property tax assessed value, plus increased sales for goods and services related to property improvement and the related increase in sales taxes).
[edit] Regulation of real estate flipping
As of July 7, 2006, the Department of Housing and Urban Development created regulations regarding predatory flipping within Federal Housing Authority (FHA) single-family mortgage insurance. The time requirement for owning a property is greater than 90 days between purchase and sale dates to qualify for FHA-insured mortgage financing.[4]
In 2007 Fannie May released regulations regarding "flipping" properties in a fraudulant manner.
[edit] Criminal real estate flipping
Flipping may also be a criminal scheme. Illegal property flipping is a fraud for profit scheme whereby recently acquired real property is resold for a considerable profit with an artificially inflated value. The real property is resold within a short time frame, often after making only cosmetic improvements to the real property. Illegal property flipping often involves collusion between a real estate appraiser, a mortgage originator and a closing agent. The cooperation of a real estate appraiser is necessary since a false and artificially inflated appraisal report is required. The buyer (ultimate borrower) may or may not be aware of the situation. This type of fraud is one of the most costly for lenders because the loss is always large.
The following is an example of an illegal property flip: A buyer contracts to purchase a property in his name for $30,000. Before closing the deal, he draws up a second contract to sell the property to a co-conspirator at $70,000 — a price substantially higher than market value. He seeks a loan for a second contract through a mortgage lender or a mortgage broker and submits an application. A real estate appraiser inflates the value of the property, enough to justify the loan, and is paid triple the usual fee. (although many times inexperienced or incompetent appraisers are unwittingly caught in the scheme through pressure and intimidation from the scammers) A mortgage lender approves the application and releases the $70,000. Next, the contracts for the property are closed either simultaneously or within a short time from each other. The originator of the scheme takes the $70,000, pays off the $30,000 and divides the remaining $40,000 between himself and any other plotters — usually the mortgage broker or loan officer and sometimes the second buyer. The lender ends up with a 100% or greater loan to value mortgage. That buyer makes a few payments on the property, then defaults and allows it to go into foreclosure. Finally, the lender learns that the property doesn’t even cover the loan value.
In the United States, the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP), which governs real estate appraisal, and Fannie Mae, which oversees the secondary residential mortgage market, have enacted practices to detect illegal flipping schemes.
[edit] Real estate flipping in the media
- Television shows
- Discovery Home Channel's "Double Agents"
- Bravo's "Million Dollar Listing: Hollywood", "a six-episode original series chronicling the high-stakes, cutthroat world of real estate in a thriving market."
- Fine Living to release a show in 2006 on "the anatomy of the real-estate deal".
- TLC's "The Adam Carolla Project" in which the host of Comedy Central's "Too Late With Adam Carolla" (a former carpenter) "guts his childhood home with the goal of flipping it for more than $1 million."
- TLC and BBC's "Property Ladder"
- A&E Network's "Flip This House"
- TLC's "Flip That House" (not to be confused with A&E's "Flip This House")
- TLC's "Flip It Fast"
- News media
- Mann, Ted. "Risky Business", Scarsdale Magazine, September 30, 2006. -- about real-estate flippers in suburban New York.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.investopedia.com/features/crashes/crashes4.asp
- ^ Source: usnews.com, Wed Jun 14 2006
- ^ Source: Wall Street Journal on Wed Jun 14 2006.
- ^ http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2006/June/Day-07/i8844.htm
- US News: Housing bubble correction could be severe (2006-06-13).
- Fannie Mae Announcement 04-07 on Illegal Flipping (pdf) (2004-11-08).
- Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) (2005 Edition, effective 2005-01-01).
- Bronchick, William; Dahlstrom, Robert (2007). Flipping Properties: Generate Instant Cash Profits in Real Estate (Paperback).
- Berges, Steve. The Complete Guide to Flipping Properties (Paperback).
- Weiss, Mark B.. Real Estate Flipping: Grow Rich Buying and Selling Property (Paperback).
- Hamilton, Gene; Hamilton, Katie. Fix It and Flip It: How to Make Money Rehabbing Real Estate for Profit (Paperback).
