Grimm's Fairy Tales

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Frontispiece of first volume of Grimms' Kinder- und Hausmärchen (1812).

The world famous collection of German (and French) fairy tales Kinder- und Hausmärchen (KHM; English: Children's and Household Tales), commonly known as Grimm's Fairy Tales (or Grimms' Fairy Tales), was published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.

1 Writing of the book
2 Influence of the book
3 List of fairy tales
4 The Children's Legends
5 Later additions
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

[edit] Writing of the book

In 1803, the Grimms met the Romantics Clemens Brentano and Ludwig Achim von Arnim at the University of Marburg. These two men stirred in the brothers an interest in ancient fairy tales. They started to collect and write down tales that had been handed down for generations. Among their sources were Dorothea Viehmann, and two Huguenot families, Hassenpflug and Wild, who introduced them to several tales of French origin.

On December 20, 1812 they published the first volume of the first edition, containing 86 stories; the second volume of 70 stories followed in 1814. For the second edition, two volumes were issued in 1819 and a third in 1822, totaling 170 tales. The third edition appeared in 1837; fourth edition, 1840; fifth edition, 1843; sixth edition, 1850; seventh edition, 1857. Stories were added, and also subtracted, from one edition to the next, until the seventh held 211 tales.

The first volumes were much criticized because, although they were called "Children's Tales", they were not regarded as suitable for children, both for the scholarly information included and the subject matter.^[1] Many changes through the editions—such as turning the wicked mother of the first edition in Snow White and Hansel and Gretel to a stepmother, were probably made with an eye to such suitability. They removed sexual references, such as Rapunzel's betraying the prince by asking why her clothing no longer fit, and so revealing her pregnancy, but in many respects, violence, particularly when punishing villains, was increased.^[2]

The tales were also criticized for being insufficient German; this not only affected the tales they included, but their language as they changed "Fee" (fairy) to an enchantress or wise woman, every prince to a king's son, every princess to a king's daughter.^[3] They also went to considerable effort to "reconstruct" the tales, merging variants (particularly fragmentary ones) and attempting to amend corruptions.^[4]

In 1825 the Brothers published their Kleine Ausgabe or "small edition," a selection of 50 tales designed for child readers. This children's version went through ten editions between 1825 and 1858.

[edit] Influence of the book

The influence of these books was widespread. It ranks behind only the Bible and the works of William Shakespeare in sales. W. H. Auden praised it, during World War II, as one of the founding works of Western culture.^[5] The tales themselves have been put to many uses. The Nazis praised them as folkish tales showing children with sound racial instincts seeking racially pure marriage partners, and so strongly that the Allied forces warned against them.^[6] Writers about the Holocaust have combined the tales with their memoirs, as Jane Yolen in her Briar Rose.^[7]

The work of the Brothers Grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe, in a spirit of romantic nationalism, that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representive of it, to the neglect of cross-cultural influence. Among those influenced were the Russian Alexander Afanasyev, the Norwegians Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, the English Joseph Jacobs, and Jeremiah Curtin, a American who collected Irish tales.^[8] This was not always a pleased reaction to their collection. Joseph Jacobs was in part inspired by his complaint that English children did not read English fairy tales^[9]; in his own words, "What Perrault began, the Grimms completed."

[edit] List of fairy tales

KHM 1: The Frog King, or Iron Heinrich (Der Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich)
KHM 2: Cat and Mouse in Partnership (Katze und Maus in Gesellschaft)
KHM 3: Mary's Child (Marienkind)
KHM 4: The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was (Märchen von einem, der auszog das Fürchten zu lernen)
KHM 5: The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids (Der Wolf und die sieben jungen Geißlein)
KHM 6: Trusty John or Faithful John
KHM 7: The Good Bargain (Der gute Handel)
KHM 8: The Wonderful Musician or The Strange Musician
KHM 9: The Twelve Brothers
KHM 10: The Pack of Ragamuffins (Das Lumpengesindel)
KHM 11: Brother and Sister
KHM 12: Rapunzel
KHM 13: The Three Little Men in the Wood
KHM 14: The Three Spinners
KHM 15: Hansel and Gretel
KHM 16: The Three Snake-Leaves (Die drei Schlangenblätter)
KHM 17: The White Snake
KHM 18: The Straw, the Coal, and the Bean (Strohhalm, Kohle und Bohne)
KHM 19: The Fisherman and His Wife
KHM 20: The Valiant Little Tailor
KHM 21: Cinderella (Aschenputtel)
KHM 22: The Riddle
KHM 23: The Mouse, the Bird, and the Sausage (Von dem Mäuschen, Vögelchen und der Bratwurst)
KHM 24: Mother Hulda (Frau Holle)
KHM 25: The Seven Ravens
KHM 26: Little Red Riding Hood or Little Red-Cap
KHM 27: Town Musicians of Bremen
KHM 28: The Singing Bone
KHM 29: The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs
KHM 30: The Louse and the Flea (Läuschen und Flöhchen)
KHM 31: The Girl Without Hands
KHM 32: Clever Hans (Der gescheite Hans)
KHM 33: The Three Languages (Die drei Sprachen)
KHM 34: Clever Elsie (Die kluge Else)
KHM 35: The Tailor in Heaven (Der Schneider im Himmel)
KHM 36: The Wishing-Table, the Gold-Ass, and the Cudgel in the Sack (Tischchen deck dich, Goldesel und Knüppel aus dem Sack)
KHM 37: Thumbling (Daumesdick) (see also Tom Thumb)
KHM 38: The Wedding of Mrs. Fox (Die Hochzeit der Frau Füchsin)
KHM 39: The Elves (Die Wichtelmänner)
- The Elves and the Shoemaker (Erstes Märchen)
- Second Story (Zweites Märchen)
- Third Story (Drittes Märchen)
KHM 40: The Robber Bridegroom
KHM 41: Herr Korbes
KHM 42: The Godfather (Der Herr Gevatter)
KHM 43: Frau Trude
KHM 44: Godfather Death (Der Gevatter Tod)
KHM 45: Thumbling's Travels (see also Tom Thumb)
KHM 46: Fitcher's Bird
KHM 47: The Juniper Tree (Von dem Machandelboom)
KHM 48: Old Sultan
KHM 49: The Six Swans
KHM 50: Sleeping Beauty or Little Briar-Rose
KHM 51: Foundling-Bird (Fundevogal)
KHM 52: King Thrushbeard
KHM 53: Little Snow White
KHM 54: The Knapsack, the Hat, and the Horn (Der Ranzen, das Hütlein und das Hörnlein)
KHM 55: Rumpelstiltskin
KHM 56: Sweetheart Roland
KHM 57: The Golden Bird
KHM 58: The Dog and the Sparrow (Der Hund und der Sperling)
KHM 59: Frederick and Catherine (Der Frieder und das Katherlieschen)
KHM 60: The Two Brothers
KHM 61: The Little Peasant (Das Bürle)
KHM 62: The Queen Bee
KHM 63: The Three Feathers (Die drei Federn)
KHM 64: Golden Goose
KHM 65: All-Kinds-of-Fur (Allerleirauh)
KHM 66: The Hare's Bride (Häsichenbraut)
KHM 67: The Twelve Huntsmen (Die zwölf Jäger)
KHM 68: The Thief and His Master
KHM 69: Jorinde and Joringel
KHM 70: The Three Sons of Fortune (Die drei Glückskinder)
KHM 71: How Six Men got on in the World (Sechse kommen durch die ganze Welt)
KHM 72: The Wolf and the Man (Der Wolf und der Mensch)
KHM 73: The Wolf and the Fox (Der Wolf und der Fuchs)
KHM 74: Gossip Wolf and the Fox (Der Fuchs und die Frau Gevatterin)
KHM 75: The Fox and the Cat (Der Fuchs und die Katze)
KHM 76: The Pink (Die Nelke)
KHM 77: Clever Gretel (Die kluge Gretel)
KHM 78: The Old Man and his Granson (Der alte Großvater und der Enkel)
KHM 79: The Water Nixie
KHM 80: The Death of the Little Hen (Von dem Tode des Hühnchens)
KHM 81: Brother Lustig (Bruder Lustig)
KHM 82: Gambling Hansel (De Spielhansl)
KHM 83: Hans in Luck (Hans im Glück)
KHM 84: Hans Married (Hans heiratet)
KHM 85: The Gold-Children
KHM 86: The Fox and the Geese (Der Fuchs und die Gänse)
KHM 87: The Poor Man and the Rich Man (Der Arme und der Reiche)
KHM 88: The Singing, Springing Lark
KHM 89: The Goose Girl
KHM 90: The Young Giant (Der junge Riese)
KHM 91: The Gnome (Dat Erdmänneken)
KHM 92: The King of the Gold Mountain (Der König vom goldenen Berg)
KHM 93: The Raven
KHM 94: The Peasant's Wise Daughter (Die kluge Bauerntochter)
KHM 95: Old Hildrebrand (Der alte Hildebrand)
KHM 96: The Three Little Birds
KHM 97: The Water of Life
KHM 98: Doctor Know-all (Doktor Allwissend)
KHM 99: The Spirit in the Bottle
KHM 100: The Devil's Sooty Brother (Des Teufels rußiger Bruder)
KHM 101: Bearskin
KHM 102: The Willow-Wren and the Bear (Der Zaunkönig und der Bär)
KHM 103: Sweet Porridge
KHM 104: Wise Folks (Die klugen Leute)
KHM 105: Tales of the Paddock (Märchen von der Unke)
KHM 106: The Poor Miller's Boy and the Cat (Der arme Müllersbursch und das Kätzchen)
KHM 107: The Two Travelers (Die beiden Wanderer)
KHM 108: Hans My Hedgehog
KHM 109: The Shroud (Das Totenhemdchen)
KHM 110: The Jew Among Thorns (Der Jude im Dorn)
KHM 111: The Skillful Hunstman (Der gelernte Jäger)
KHM 112: The Flail from Heaven (Der Dreschflegel vom Himmel)
KHM 113: The Two Kings' Children (De beiden Künigeskinner)
KHM 114: The Clever Little Tailor
KHM 115: The Bright Sun Brings it to Light (Die klare Sonne bringt's an den Tag)
KHM 116: The Blue Light
KHM 117: The Willful Child
KHM 118: The Three Army-Surgeons (Die drei Feldscherer)
KHM 119: The Seven Swabians (Die sieben Schwaben)
KHM 120: The Three Apprentices (Die drei Handwerksburschen)
KHM 121: The King's Son Who Feared Nothing (Der Königssohn, der sich vor nichts fürchtete)
KHM 122: Donkey Cabbages
KHM 123: The Old Woman in the Wood
KHM 124: The Three Brothers (Die drei Brüder)
KHM 125: The Devil and His Grandmother
KHM 126: Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful (Ferenand getrü und Ferenand ungetrü)
KHM 127: The Iron Stove
KHM 128: The Lazy Spinner (Die faule Spinnerin)
KHM 129: The Four Skillful Brothers (Die vier kunstreichen Brüder)
KHM 130: One-Eye, Two-Eyes, and Three-Eyes
KHM 131: Fair Katrinelje and Pif-Paf-Poltrie (Die schöne Katrinelje und Pif Paf Poltrie)
KHM 132: The Fox and the Horse (Der Fuchs und das Pferd)
KHM 133: The Shoes that were Danced to Pieces (Die zertanzten Schuhe)
KHM 134: The Six Servants (Die sechs Diener)
KHM 135: The White and the Black Bride
KHM 136: Iron John
KHM 137: The Three Black Princesses (De drei schwatten Prinzessinnen)
KHM 138: Knoist and his Three Sons (Knoist un sine dre Sühne)
KHM 139: The Maid of Brakel (Dat Mäken von Brakel)
KHM 140: My Household (Das Hausgesinde)
KHM 141: The Lambkin and the Little Fish
KHM 142: Simeli Mountain (Simeliberg)
KHM 143: Going a Traveling (Up Reisen gohn)
KHM 144: The Donkey (Das Eselein)
KHM 145: The Ungrateful Son (Der undankbare Sohn)
KHM 146: The Turnip (Die Rübe)
KHM 147: The Old Man Made Young Again (Das junggeglühte Männlein)
KHM 148: The Lord's Animals and the Devil's (Des Herrn und des Teufels Getier)
KHM 149: The Beam (Der Hahnenbalken)
KHM 150: The Old Beggar-Woman (Die alte Bettelfrau)
KHM 151: The Twelve Idle Servants (Die drei Faulen)
KHM 151: The Three Sluggards (Die zwölf faulen Knechte)
KHM 152: The Shepherd Boy (Das Hirtenbüblein)
KHM 153: The Star Money (Die Sterntaler)
KHM 154: The Stolen Farthings (Der gestohlene Heller)
KHM 155: Looking for a Bride (Die Brautschau)
KHM 156: The Hurds (Die Schlickerlinge)
KHM 157: The Sparrow and his Four Children (Der Sperling und seine vier Kinder)
KHM 158: The Story of Schlauraffen Land (Das Märchen vom Schlaraffenland)
KHM 159: The Ditmars Tale of Wonders (Das dietmarsische Lügenmärchen)
KHM 160: A Riddling Tale (Rätselmärchen)
KHM 161: Snow-White and Rose-Red
KHM 162: The Wise Servant (Der kluge Knecht)
KHM 163: The Glass Coffin
KHM 164: Lazy Henry (Der faule Heinz)
KHM 165: The Griffin (Der Vogel Greif)
KHM 166: Srong Hans (Der starke Hans)
KHM 167: The Peasant in Heaven (Das Bürli im Himmel)
KHM 168: Lean Lisa (Die hagere Liese)
KHM 169: The Hut in the Forest
KHM 170: Sharing Joy and Sorrow (Lieb und Leid teilen)
KHM 171: The Willow-Worn (Der Zaunkönig)
KHM 172: The Sole (Die Scholle)
KHM 173: The Bittern and the Hoopoe (Rohrdommel und Wiedehopf)
KHM 174: The Owl (Die Eule)
KHM 175: The Moon (Der Mond)
KHM 176: The Duration of life (Die Lebenszeit)
KHM 177: Death's Messengers (Die Boten des Todes)
KHM 178: Master Pfreim (Meister Pfriem)
KHM 179: The Goose-Girl at the Well
KHM 180: Eve's Various Children (Die ungleichen Kinder Evas)
KHM 181: The Nixie of the Mill-Pond (Die Nixe im Teich)
KHM 182: The Little Folk's Presents (Die Geschenke des kleinen Volkes)
KHM 183: The Giant and the Tailor (Der Riese und der Schneider)
KHM 184: The Nail (Der Nagel)
KHM 185: The Poor Boy in the Grave (Der arme Junge im Grab)
KHM 186: The True Bride (Die wahre Braut)
KHM 187: The Hare and the Hedgehog (Der Hase und der Igel)
KHM 188: Spindle, Shuttle, and Needle
KHM 189: The Peasant and the Devil
KHM 190: The Crumbs on the Table (Die Brosamen auf dem Tisch]]
KHM 191: The Sea-Hare (Das Meerhäschen]]
KHM 192: The Master Thief
KHM 193: The Drummer (Der Trommler)
KHM 194: The Ear of Corn (Die Kornähre)
KHM 195: The Grave-Mound (Der Grabhügel)
KHM 196: Old Rinkrank (Oll Rinkrank)
KHM 197: The Crystal Ball
KHM 198: Maid Maleen
KHM 199: The Boots of Buffalo Leather (Der Stiefel von Büffelleder)
KHM 200: The Golden Key (Der goldene Schlüssel)

[edit] The Children's Legends

St. Joseph in the Forest (Der heilige Joseph im Walde)
The Twelve Apostles (Die zwölf Apostel)
The Rose (Die Rose)
Poverty and Humility Lead to Heaven (Armut und Demut führen zum Himmel)
God's Food (Gottes Speise)
The Three Green Twigs (Die drei grünen Zweige)
Our Lady's Little Glass (Muttergottesgläschen)
The Aged Mother (Das alte Mütterchen)
The Heavenly Wedding (Die himmlische Hochzeit)
The Hazel-Branch (Die Haselrute)

[edit] Later additions

Von der Nachtigall und der Blindschleiche
Die Hand mit dem Messer
Wie Kinder Schlachtens miteinander gespielt haben
Der Tod und der Gänsehirt
Der gestiefelte Kater
Von der Serviette, dem Tornister, dem Kanonenhütlein und dem Horn
Die wunderliche Gasterei
Hans Dumm
Blaubart
Hurleburlebutz
Der Okerlo
Prinzessin Mäusehaut
Das Birnli will nit fallen
Das Mordschloß
Vom Schreiner und Drechsler
Die drei Schwestern
Schneeblume (Fragment)
Vom Prinz Johannes (Fragment)
Der gute Lappen (Fragment)
Die treuen Tiere
Die Krähen
Der Faule und der Fleißige
Der Löwe und der Frosch
Der Soldat und der Schreiner
De wilde Mann
Die Kinder in Hungersnot
Die heilige Frau Kummernis
Das Unglück
Die Erbsenprobe
Der Räuber und seine Söhne

[edit] In popular culture

Today Grimm's fairy tales have been adapted for both movies and Television. One of the most notable is the 1987 anime Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics. The series featured cartoon adaptations of the original tales with very few changes to their original stories. Other adaptations have been done by Jim Henson's Muppets. The 2005 film The Brothers Grimm is loosely based on fairy-tale motifs found in the stories.

In 1988 Stephen Sondheim wrote the musical "Into the Woods", which tells a story of a baker and his wife (who were inspired by the parents in Rapunzel) who want a child, but the witch cast a spell on them that made them barren. The fairy tales that are in this story are Rapunzel, Cinderella, Jack and the Beanstalk, Little Red Ridinghood, Sleeping Beauty and Snow White.

[edit] See also

List of fairy tales

[edit] References

^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p15-17, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
^ A. S. Byatt, "Introduction" p. xlii-iv, Maria Tatar, ed. The Annotated Brothers Grimm, ISBN 0-393-05848-4
^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p31, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
^ Jack Zipes, The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World, p 31-2, ISBN 0-312-29380-1
^ A. S. Byatt, "Introduction" p. xxx, Maria Tatar, ed. The Annotated Brothers Grimm, ISBN 0-393-05848-4
^ A. S. Byatt, "Introduction" p. xxxviii-xxxix, Maria Tatar, ed. The Annotated Brothers Grimm, ISBN 0-393-05848-4
^ A. S. Byatt, "Introduction" p. xlvi, Maria Tatar, ed. The Annotated Brothers Grimm, ISBN 0-393-05848-4
^ Jack Zipes, The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p 846, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
^ Maria Tatar, p 345-5, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3

Grimm Brothers. The Complete Grimm's Fairy Tales. New York: Pantheon Books, 1944. ISBN 0-394-49414-6. (in English, based on Margarate Hunt's translation)