King Arthur in various media

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The Arthurian legend is one of the most popular literary subjects of all time, and has been adapted numerous times in every form of media.

Contents 1 Modern literature 2 Drama 3 Opera 4 Film 5 Television 5.1 TV movies and miniseries 5.2 Series 5.3 Animation 5.4 References in other series 6 Comics 7 Games 7.1 Board games 7.2 Role-playing games 7.3 Video games 8 Music 9 See also

[edit] Modern literature

• Attanasio, A. A.: The Dragon and the Unicorn, The Eagle and the Sword, and The Wolf and the Crown.
• Benz, Derek and J.S. Lewis' The Revenge of the Shadow King reveals an alternate history of Arthur who was betrayed and murdered by Mordred for possession of a sacred book which had been passed down father-to-son for thousands of years. In this case, Arthur was betrayed when he refused to pass the book on to his illegitimate son.
• Marion Zimmer Bradley: The Mists of Avalon is the classic of modern reinterpretations of the Arthurian legend through the points of view of powerful women behind Camelot, namely Morgaine, Gwenhwyfar, and Morgause.
• Gillian Bradshaw: series Hawk of May, Kingdom of Summer and In Winter's Shadow is an another re-celtification of the legend.
• James Herbert Brennan: GrailQuest gamebooks centre on the kingdom of King Arthur.
• Bryher set her historical novel Ruan in Britain immediately after Arthur's death.
• Mark Chadbourn: The Age of Misrule, The Dark Age and Kingdom of the Serpent trilogies take a modern twist of Arthurian legend and Celtic mythology, using them as a basis for a dark series of novels set in modern Britain, in which the Celtic gods return to take back the land.
• Christian, Catherine, The Pendragon tells the story from a 5th century Sir Bedivere.
• Susan Cooper: five volume saga, The Dark is Rising.
• Bernard Cornwell: The Warlord Chronicles consist of three novels, Winter King, Enemy of God, and Excalibur, and reintroduce many old characters into the tale. Told by Derfel after Arthur's death they are very realistic in nature even though they do have Merlin and Lancelot and magic. Well worth a read and the author's notes at the end are enlightening. "There is a sword and there is a stone, but one is not in the other", is Cornwell's own summary. These three books are Bernard Cornwell's personal favorites of all his own works.
• Kevin Crossley-Holland: The Seeing-Stone, At the Crossing-Places and King of the Middle-March..
• Peter David's Knight trilogy depicts Arthur reappearing in the modern-day world. In the first novel, Knight Life (David's first novel), Arthur emerges from his thousand-year convalescence (that followed the wound he sustained from Mordred) to run for mayor of New York City. In Knight Life, he faces another epic hero for possession of the Holy Grail. In Fall of Knight, the villain encounters is a person from actual history, who possesses the Spear of Destiny, and wants to use it to destroy the Earth.
• David Drake: Dragon Lord, a somewhat unconventional story involving a "King Arthur" who is more great military general than quasi-enchanted king, which takes place shortly after the fall of the Roman Empire and long before the Age of Chivalry.
• Janice Elliot: The King Awakes a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel for young teens. Arthur awakens and maintains a presence as a sub-plot, leading to a fantastic finale complete with re-born Knights of the Round Table. An interesting re-interpretation of Celtic myth in a post-nuclear war milieu.
• Gidlow, Christopher: The Reign of Arthur: From History to Legend
• Godwin, Parke: Firelord and Beloved Exile
• The several books by Norma Lorre Goodrich are very popular, but are based on a poorly received analysis of Arthurian legend and medieval history. She asserts he was a borderlands king whose activity centred around the Roman walls and wall forts. This is so at odds with entrenched beliefs that she is dismissed by many scholars despite some well founded conclusions.
• Helen Hollick: Pendragon's Banner trilogy.
• Guy Gavriel Kay: The Fionavar Tapestry is the continuation of the Camelot story in the framework of a wider epic.
• Stephen King: The Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah reveals that the hero of King's spaghetti-western/horror/sci-fi magnum opus adventure series, Roland, is one of only two of King Arthur's surviving descendants.
• James Knowles, The Legends of King Arthur and his Knights
• Sidney Lanier: The Boy's King Arthur is a work based on Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, written in such a way to appeal to the boys of the 19th century.
• Stephen R. Lawhead: The Pendragon Cycle, a more thorough examination of the myths, especially concerning Taliesin, Merlin, Arthur, and the Grail.
• Andrew Massie: Arthur The King A darker version of the classic tale.
• John Masefieldn cycle of poetry concerning the Arthurian legend.
• Rosalind Miles Guenevere Trilogy is a fictional trilogy that follows Guenevere and King Arthur through their reign as High King and Queen.
• Tim Powers' The Drawing of the Dark depicts an eternal King Arthur reincarnated to participate in the Siege of Vienna.
• Howard Pyle, King Arthur and His Knights of The Round Table
• Nacy Springer: I am Mordred and I am Morgan le Fay are two young adult novels about the two often misunderstood characters of Camelot.
• John Steinbeck: The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights is a traditional take in modern language.
• Mary Stewart Merlin books: The Crystal Cave sets up the background for the Arthurian legend. The Hollow Hills encompasses most of Arthur's lifespan, including his childhood with Merlin as his tutor. The Last Enchantment deals with Merlin's later life, against the continued background of Arthur's rule. A later book, The Wicked Day, was written from the point of view of Mordred in the latter period of Arthur's rule, and provides an interesting counterpoint to the original three novels.
• Alfred Tennyson: Idylls of the King
• Mark Twain: A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
• Jacob Wenzel: Le Morte d'Arthur, an Epic Limerick is a retelling of Malory in limerick verse
• T.H. White: The Once and Future King cycle
• Jack Whyte: The Camulod Chronicles, a series of books containing more historical fiction than fantasy beginning with Roman Britain and leading through Arthur's reign.
• Persia Woolley: Child of the Northern Spring, Queen of the Summer Stars, and Guinevere: The Legend in Autumn.
• Heiser, Fred, Things Fall Apart... tells a variation of the story set in a post nuclear war southern California.

See also: List of books about King Arthur

[edit] Drama

• John Arden and Margaretta D'Arcy: The Island of the Mighty (1972)
• Laurence Binyon: King Arthur (1923), with music by Edward Elgar
• D. G. Bridson: King Arthur (1937), with music by Benjamin Britten
• J. C. Carr: King Arthur (1895), with music by Arthur Sullivan
• Camelot (1960), by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe. It is based on the King Arthur legend as adapted from the T.H. White novel The Once and Future King. The main thrust of the novel and the musical play is the affair between Arthur's wife, Guenevere, and his great friend, Sir Lancelot. Camelot was filmed in 1967. Created by the team responsible for 'My Fair Lady, Moss Hart, Alan Jay Lerner, and Frederick Loewe, it starred Richard Burton as Arthur, Julie Andrews as Guinevere, and introduced Robert Goulet as Lancelot. The original cast album of the show was a particular favorite of then-President John F. Kennedy, and the "Camelot" metaphor has been often associated with his presidency.
• Merlin was a Broadway musical in 1983 featuring illusionist Doug Henning and music by Elmer Bernstein.
• Spamalot, adapted from the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. It won the 2004–2005 Tony Award for Best Musical. Arthur was played by and Tim Curry in the original production.

[edit] Opera

• Rutland Boughton: The Birth of Arthur (1909), libretto by Reginald Buckley
• Ernest Chausson: Le Roi Arthus (1903)
• Hubert Parry: Guinevere (1886)
• Henry Purcell: King Arthur (1691), libretto by John Dryden
• Richard Wagner: Parsifal (1882)

[edit] Film

• Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a comedic parody of the traditional King Arthur legend. It was later adapted into a successful Broadway musical called Spamalot. Arthur was played by the late Graham Chapman in the film.
• Camelot, a 1967 film adaptation of the successful 1960 Broadway musical of the same name. It starred Richard Harris as Arthur, Vanessa Redgrave as Guinevere, and Franco Nero as Lancelot.
• The Sword in the Stone, a 1963 Disney animated film about Arthur's childhood, loosely adapted from T.H. White's take on the legend.
• John Boorman's 1981 film Excalibur, based largely on Malory and probably the highest rated serious Arthurian film.
• First Knight, a movie based on the abduction of Guinevere by the knight Melegrant. It featured Sean Connery as Arthur, Richard Gere as Lancelot, and Julia Ormond as Guinevere.
• King Arthur, a motion picture released on July 7, 2004, claiming (despite being heavily criticised for its historical inaccuracies) to be more historically accurate about the legend of Arthur as a 5th century, British-born, Roman Commander, with respect to new archaeological findings; similar in story line to Jack Whyte's books.

See also: List of movies based on Arthurian legend

[edit] Television

[edit] TV movies and miniseries

• The television movie Merlin showing a tale of Arthur and his knights.
• Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon was made into a miniseries by TNT in 2001.

[edit] Series

• The 1950s British television series The Adventures of Sir Lancelot, based around the knight's exploits, featured Arthur and many other characters from the legends. This was the first British television series ever to be made in colour.
• The 1970s British television series, Arthur of the Britons, starring Oliver Tobias, sought to create a more "realistic" portrait of the period and to explain the origins of some of the myths about the Celtic leader.
• The French series Kaamelott features a humorous take on the legend.

[edit] Animation

• The late 1960s Australian animated cartoon series Arthur! and the Square Knights of the Round Table was a typically wacky take on Arthurian legend.
• King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table (Entaku no Kishi Monogatari: Moero Arthur), a Japanese anime series produced by Toei Animation in 1979, followed by King Arthur: Prince on White Horse (Moero Arthur: Hakuba no Oji) in 1980
• The animated series The Legend of Prince Valiant followed the adventures of three young warriors training to become Knights of the Round Table. Originally aired in the early 1990s, it featured Arthur, Merlin, Guinevere, and Gawain in its main cast and several other Arthurian characters in recurring roles.
• The animated series King Arthur and the Knights of Justice premiering in 1992 featured an American Football team called the Knights led by quarterback Arthur King. When the "real" Knights of the Round Table are captured, Merlin magically transports the Knights football team to Camelot to defend the kingdom and rescue the captured knights. The show was cancelled in 1993.
• The British animated cartoon series King Arthur's Disasters in 2005.

[edit] References in other series

• The animated series Gargoyles featured several tales of Arthur (who was prematurely awakened in a time of need) and the magic and fairies of Avalon. A proposed spin-off for the character never materialized.
• The 100th episode of the television show Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Once Upon A Future King, featured a young Arthur sent back in time by Merlin to learn from Hercules.
• In season nine of the science-fiction television series Stargate SG-1, Arthur and Arthurian legend, particularly Merlin, are intrinsic to the plot of the season; specifically, Merlin is an Ancient who may have taught Arthur how to Ascend at Glastonbury Tor and hid the wealth of the Knights in an elaborate, puzzle-laden chamber. They also identify Arthur with Ambrosius Aurelianus, with Daniel Jackson commenting that he would have been 74 years old at the Battle of Mount Badon.
• King Arthur appears in the Babylon 5 Episode "A Late Delivery from Avalon." Babylon 5 influences contains more discussion on the King Arthur myths evident in Babylon 5.
• In the seventh season of MacGyver, the two part episode "Good Knight MacGyver" has MacGyver apparently transported to the court of Camelot after a blow to the head.
• In the sixth season of the supernatural drama Charmed, King Arthur is reincarnated in Wyatt Halliwell, Piper (a Charmed One) and Leo's (a powerful whitelighter) first-born, a twice-blessed child believed to be the future leader of the magical community, as prophesied by an apothecary from the 1700s.
• The Doctor Who serial "Battlefield" is based on the Arthurian legends, featuring Mordred and Morgaine, as well as the Doctor as Merlin. The earlier serial The Stones of Blood indicated that Morgaine was based on an alien posing as a Celtic goddess.
• King Arthur appears in the anime 'Fate/Stay Night'. In this incarnation, Arthur is portrayed as having been a woman (named Arturia) with history recording her as a man for political correctness.
• The animated series Thundercats episode, Excalibur, featured the villain Mumra disguising himself as King Arthur in order to obtain the sword Excalibur to destroy the Sword of Omens.
• In the Pokémon episode "A Crowning Achievement!", the episode is a subtle parody of King Arthur. In the episode, all the Slowpoke want to become Slowking, but only one named Arthur succeeds.
• In the 27th episode of The Time Tunnel (1967), Merlin presses the time travelers into service to help preserve the life of young Arthur Pendragon so that he may become king in his future.

[edit] Comics

• In 1937, a newspaper comic strip by Hal Foster, Prince Valiant was first published, with the byline "In the Days of King Arthur". Since the death of Foster in 1982, John Cullen Murphy has continued producing this comic strip.
• DC Comics uses Arthur's Camelot as a recurring piece of its fictional history, and there have been "several Arthurs," including a pagan general in Roman Britain, and a medieval Christian mystic. The various Arthurs were served by various versions of the character Shining Knight while The Demon, under the control of Merlin, defended Camelot during its final days.
• The original version of the Marvel Comics character Black Knight was also at Arthur's court.
• Several comic book titles have explored the "Once and Future King" aspect of the legend by bringing Arthur and his knights back from the dead at the time of Britain's greatest need. Arthur and company re-emerge to battle an alien menace in AD 3000 in Camelot 3000.
• The heroes of Knights of Pendragon likewise assemble in the spirit of Arthur's Round Table.
• Simon Bisley's Treasure of Britain starring the character Sláine, features Arthurian characters and themes.
• The comic book Dracula vs King Arthur from Silent Devil Productions takes the Arthur as he begins his quest for the Grail and pits him against a time-crossing Dracula.
• King Arthur makes several appearances throughout De Rode Ridder (The Red Knight), a Flemish comic book series.
• The webcomic Arthur, King of Time and Space retells the legend in real time, in several settings.
• The Caliber comics Legends of Camelot series began to cover stories from the Arthurian tradition.
• The French comic book Arthur, by David Chauvel and Jérôme Lereculey, draws inspiration from early medieval Welsh legends, such as the Mabinogion.

[edit] Games

[edit] Board games

• The board game Shadows over Camelot features King Arthur as one of the main playable characters in the game.
• In the science fiction board game Warhammer 40k, the Emperor of Mankind drew many similar inspiration from Arthurian legends while the treacherous Warmaster Horus and Horus Heresy is similar to Mordred.

[edit] Role-playing games

• The role-playing game Pendragon details how to run adventure games set in the time of the Round Table.
• The mmorpg runescape, king arthur is a quest-giver for holy grail and merlins crystal.

[edit] Video games

• Stronghold Legends by Firefly Studios campaign includes King Arthur's legend
• Conquests of Camelot by Sierra Entertainment centers around the quest for the Holy Grail.
• Knights Of The Round by Capcom is a light-hearted take on the Arthurian legend in a sword fighting beat-em-up similar to the video game Final Fight.
• Tomb Raider Legend by Crystal Dynamics revolves around the King Arthur legend resembling those of other cultures around the world; pieces of artifacts are forms of Excalibur.
• Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War is a high influenced by the Arthurian legend
• In the video game RuneScape, King Arthur and several Knights of the Round Table are featured along with the castle of Camelot, and it is the starting place of two quests.
• Final Fantasy VII the final and greatest summon materia is "Knights of the Round" which has 12 knights striking an enemy with the last knight obviously being King Arthur through his extended entrance and grander appearance.
• The visual novel/eroge and anime Fate/stay night features a young female knight called Saber whose true name is Arturia. She became King by pulling free the sword from the stone. Knowing that armies wouldn't follow a woman, she renamed herself King Arthur and used Merlin's magic to hide her gender. Mordred is still her child, but was changed into a girl in the anime. The anime also suggests that at least one other Knight of the Round Table was a woman. (Both Mordred and the Knight had female voice actors, prompting this conclusion.)

[edit] Music

• The concept album The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table (1975) by Rick Wakeman tells a version of the legend.
• The 2004 expanded edition of heavy metal singer Bruce Dickinson's 6th solo album The Chemical Wedding features a song called "Return of the King," which heavily references Arthurian elements including Uther Pendragon.
• The American power-metal band Kamelot has many songs with Arthurian elements in their discography.
• In 2003 hard rock musician Gary Hughes put out two albums, Once and Future King Part I and Once and Future King Part II, based on the legend.

[edit] See also

• List of books about King Arthur
• List of films based on Arthurian legend