Kwanzaa
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- For the river in Angola, see Kwanza River. For the currency, see Angolan kwanza.
Kwanzaa (or Kwaanza) hello is a week-long Pan-African festival primarily honoring African-American heritage.[1] It is observed from December 26 to January 1 each year, almost exclusively in the United States of America.
Kwanzaa consists of seven days of celebration, featuring activities such as candle-lighting and pouring of libations, and culminating in a feast and gift-giving. It was created by Ron Karenga, and first celebrated from December 26, 1966, to January 1, 1967. Karenga calls Kwanzaa the African American branch of "first fruits" celebrations of classical African cultures.
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[edit] History and etymology
In 1966 Ron Karenga created Kwanzaa while living in California.[2] There, he was the leader of the black nationalist United Slaves Organization (also known as the "US Organization" in order to differentiate between "US" and "THEM"), and claims that his goal was to give African Americans an alternative holiday to Christmas. He later stated, "...it was chosen to give a Black alternative to the existing holiday and give Blacks an opportunity to celebrate themselves and history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society."[3] At the time he created Kwanzaa, Karenga dropped the Everett name, adopted the Swahili "Karenga" shaved his head, and began wearing traditional African clothing.[citation needed]
The name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase "matunda ya kwanza", meaning "first fruits". The choice of Swahili, an East African language, reflects its status as a symbol of Pan-Africanism, especially in the 1960s, though most African-Americans have West African ancestry.
The official stance on the spelling of the holiday is that an additional "a" was added to "Kwanza" so that the word would have seven letters. At the time there were seven children in Karenga's United Slaves Organization, each wanted to represent one of the letters in Kwanzaa[4] Also, the name was meant to have a letter for each of what Karenga called the "Seven Principles of Blackness". Another explanation is that Karenga added the extra "a" to distinguish the Afro-American from the African. Kwanzaa is also sometimes incorrectly spelled "kwaanza".
Kwanzaa is a celebration that has its roots in the civil rights era of the 1960s, and was established as a means to help African Americans reconnect with what Karenga characterized as their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in meditation and study around principles that have their putative origins in what Karenga asserts are "African traditions" and "common humanist principles."
In 1967, a year after Karenga proposed this new holiday, he publicly espoused the view that "Jesus was psychotic" and that Christianity was a white religion that blacks should shun.[5] However, as Kwanzaa gained mainstream adherents, Karenga altered his position so as not to alienate practicing Christians, then stating in the 1997 Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community, and Culture, "Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday."[6]
Nine years after Kwanzaa was created, Dr. Karenga further moderated his views and became a Marxist.[citation needed]
Also in 1997, the first Kwanzaa stamp was issued by the United States Postal Service on October 22[7] at the Natural History Museum in Los Angeles, California. In 2004 a second Kwanzaa stamp, created by artist Daniel Minter was issued which has seven figures in colorful robes symbolizing the seven principles.[8]
[edit] Principles of Kwanzaa
Kwanzaa celebrates what its founder called "The Seven Principles of Kwanzaa", or Nguzo Saba (originally Nguzu Saba - "The Seven Principles of Blackness"), which Karenga said "is a communitarian African philosophy" consisting of Karenga's distillation of what he deemed "the best of African thought and practice in constant exchange with the world." These seven principles comprise Kawaida, a Swahili term for tradition and reason that Karenga used to refer to his synthesized system of belief. Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa is dedicated to one of the following principles, which are explained by Karenga as follows:
- Umoja (Unity) To strive for and maintain unity in the family, community, nation and race.
- Kujichagulia (Self-Determination) To define ourselves, name ourselves, create for ourselves and speak for ourselves.
- Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility) To build and maintain our community together and make our brothers' and sisters' problems our problems and to solve them together.
- Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics) To build and maintain our own stores, shops and other businesses and to profit from them together.
- Nia (Purpose) To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness.
- Kuumba (Creativity) To do always as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it.
- Imani (Faith) To believe with all our heart in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders and the righteousness and victory of our struggle.
These principles correspond to Karenga's notion that "the sevenfold path of blackness is think black, talk black, act black, create black, buy black, vote black, and live black."[9]
[edit] Popularity
It is unclear how many people celebrate the holiday. According to a marketing survey conducted by the National Retail Foundation in 2004, Kwanzaa is celebrated by 1.6% of all Americans (about 13% of all African-Americans),[10] or about 4.7 million.[11] In a 2006 speech, Karenga asserted that 28 million people celebrate Kwanzaa. He has always maintained it is celebrated all over the world.[1]
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In President George W. Bush's 2004 Presidential Message: Kwanzaa 2004, as in several previous messages, he said that during Kwanzaa, "millions of African Americans and people of African descent gather to celebrate their heritage and ancestry."
[edit] Observance
Families celebrating Kwanzaa decorate their households with objects of art, colorful African cloth, especially the wearing of the Uwole by women, and fresh fruits that represent African idealism. It is customary to include children in Kwanzaa ceremonies and to give respect and gratitude to ancestors. Libations are shared, generally with a common chalice, "Kikombe cha Umoja" passed around to all celebrants.
A model Kwanzaa ceremony is described as a ceremony which includes drumming and musical selections, libations, a reading of the "African Pledge" and the Principles of Blackness, reflection on the Pan-African colors, a discussion of the African principle of the day or a chapter in African history, a candle-lighting ritual, artistic performance, and, finally, a feast (Karamu). The greeting for each day of Kwanzaa is "Habari Gani",[12] Swahili words for "What's the News?"[13]
At first, observers of Kwanzaa eschewed the mixing of the holiday or its symbols, values and practice with other holidays. They felt that doing so would violate the principle of kujichagulia (self-determination) and thus violate the integrity of the holiday, which is partially intended as a reclamation of important African values. Today, many African-American families celebrate Kwanzaa along with Christmas and New Year's. Frequently, both Christmas trees and kinaras, the traditional candle holder symbolic of African-American roots, share space in kwanzaa celebrating households. To them, Kwanzaa is an opportunity to incorporate elements of their particular ethnic heritage into holiday observances and celebrations of Christmas.
Cultural exhibitions include "The Spirit of Kwanzaa", an annual celebration held at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts featuring interpretive dance, African dance, song and poetry.[14][15]
[edit] Evolution in Kwanzaa's observance
In 1977, in Kwanzaa: origin, concepts, practice, Karenga stated, that Kwanzaa "was chosen to give a Black alternative to the existing holiday and give Blacks an opportunity to celebrate themselves and history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society."[16]
In 1997, Karenga changed his position, stating that while Kwanzaa is an African-American holiday, it can be celebrated by people of any race: "other people can and do celebrate it, just like other people participate in Cinco de Mayo besides Mexicans; Chinese New Year besides Chinese; Native American pow wows besides Native Americans."[17]
Currently, according to the Official Kwanzaa Website authored by Karenga and maintained by Organization US, which Karenga chairs, "Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday. And it is not an alternative to people's religion or faith but a common ground of African culture...Kwanzaa is not a reaction or substitute for anything. In fact, it offers a clear and self-conscious option, opportunity and chance to make a proactive choice, a self-affirming and positive choice as distinct from a reactive one."[18]
Karenga's most recent interpretation emphasizes that while every people have their various holiday traditions, all people can share in the celebration of our common humanity: "Any particular message that is good for a particular people, if it is human in its content and ethical in its grounding, speaks not just to that people, it speaks to the world."[19]
[edit] Criticism
There has been criticism of Kwanzaa's authenticity and relevance, and of the motivations of its founder, Karenga.[20]
Kwanzaa has been criticized because it is not a traditional holiday of African people, and because of its recent provenance, having been invented in 1966. The origins of Kwanzaa, however, are not secret, and are openly acknowledged by those promoting the holiday.[21] It was never advanced as an indigenous, African celebration.
In 1999, syndicated columnist (and later White House Press Secretary) Tony Snow wrote that "There is no part of Kwanzaa that is not fraudulent."[22] and other conservative writers have remarked on the Marxist leanings of Karenga[23] and some of the seven principles of Kwanzaa, questioning whether Kwanzaa should be taught in American schools.[24]
Some Christians see Kwanzaa as an organized attempt to detract from Christmas.[25]
[edit] Videos and media
[edit] References
- A program to raise the faith level in African-American children through Scripture, Kwanzaa principles and culture, Janette Elizabeth Chandler Kotey, DMin, ORAL ROBERTS UNIVERSITY,1999
- The US Organization: African-American cultural nationalism in the era of Black Power, 1965 to the 1970s, Scot D. Brown, PhD, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 1999
- Rituals of race, ceremonies of culture: Kwanzaa and the making of a Black Power holiday in the United States,1966--2000, Keith Alexander Mayes, PhD, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, 2002
- Interview: Kwanzaa creator Maulana Karenga discusses the evolution of the holiday and its meaning in 2004 By: TONY COX. Tavis Smiley (NPR), 12/26/2003
- Tolerance in the News: Kwanzaa: A threat to Christmas? By Camille Jackson | Staff Writer, Tolerance.org, 12/22/2005
- Should African-Americans Celebrate Kwanzaa? By: Mike Gallagher; Alan Colmes. Hannity & Colmes (FOX News), 12/22/2004
- Is Kwanzaa a Racist Holiday? By: Sean Hannity; Alan Colmes. Hannity & Colmes (FOX News), 12/06/2005
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ a b "Why Kwanzaa Video". "Maulana Karenga".
- ^ "THE EVENING HOURS". "NY Times" (1983-12-30). Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ Kwanzaa: origin, concepts, practice p. 21
- ^ Believers web
- ^ The Quotable Karenga, p.25, University of Sankore Press, 1967
- ^ The story of Kwanzaa
- ^ Bringing Good Into the World
- ^ KWANZAA FEATURED ON THIS YEAR'S HOLIDAY U.S. POSTAGE STAMP
- ^ The Quotable Karenga, p.25, University of Sankore Press, 1967
- ^ "2004 Holiday Spending by Region", 'Survey by BIGresearch, conducted for National Retail Foundation', 14 October 2004.
- ^ "Drums herald happy holiday". "Cary News" (2007-1-2). Retrieved on 2007-1-5.
- ^ Kwanzaa Greeting
- ^ A Model Kwanzaa Ceremony
- ^ The Spirit of Kwanzaa
- ^ The Dance Institute of Washington
- ^ Kwanzaa: origin, concepts, practice, p. 21, cited at Believersweb.org. Retrieved on 2005-12-29.
- ^ Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture, p. 110, cited at Believersweb.org. Retrieved on 2005-12-29.
- ^ The Official Kwanzaa Website. Retrieved on 2005-12-29.
- ^ The Official Kwanzaa Website FAQ. Retrieved on 2005-12-29.
- ^ Kwanzaa: A holiday from the FBI
- ^ The Official Kwanzaa Website - Founders Message. Retrieved on 2005-12-30.
- ^ http://www.jewishworldreview.com/tony/snow123199.asp
- ^ Did you have a happy Kwanzaa?
- ^ http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=25998
- ^ Black minister: Say 'no' to Kwanzaa
[edit] External links
- Everything About Kwanzaa (The International Kwanzaa Exchange [TIKE])
- "The Story of Kwaanza" (The Dartmouth Review, January 15, 2001)
- The History Channel: Kwanzaa
Muammar al-Gaddafi · Molefi Kete Asante · Steve Biko · Edward Wilmot Blyden · Amílcar Cabral · David Comissiong · Cheikh Anta Diop · W.E.B. Du Bois · Frantz Fanon · Marcus Garvey · Sankofa Juba · Maulana Karenga · Kenneth Kaunda · Jomo Kenyatta · Akwatu Khenti · Patrice Lumumba · Bob Marley · Malcolm X · Thabo Mbeki · Zephania Mothopeng · Abdias do Nascimento · Kwame Nkrumah · Julius Nyerere · George Padmore · Dr Motsoko Pheko · John Nyathi Pokela · Runoko Rashidi · Walter Rodney · Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia · Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe · Burning Spear · Henry Sylvester-Williams · Ahmed Sékou Touré · Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) · I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson · Omali Yeshitela ·
Philosophies and concepts: United States of Africa · Afrocentrism · Kwanzaa · Pan-African colours · Pan-African flag · Négritude · African nationalism · African socialism ·African Century · Africanization· African Code· Kawaida
Organizations and movements: African Union (preceded by the Organization of African Unity) · AAPRP · Uhuru Movement · UNIA-ACL · AllAfrica.com · African Unification Front · African diaspora
