Lennart Torstenson

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Count Lennart Torstenson (August 17, 1603 - April 7, 1651) was a Swedish soldier and military engineer.

Lennart Torstenson

[edit] Early career

He was born at Forstena in Westrogothia - he always wrote his name Linnardt Torstenson. Parents were Märta Nilsdotter Posse and Torsten Lennartson, Lord of Forstena, once commandant of Älvsborg Fortress and supporter of king Sigismund. Young Lennart's parents fled to exile in the year of his birth, because the father had again confessed to be loyal to the deposed Sigismund. Lennart was taken to care of relatives - his father returned to Sweden only when Lennart was around twenty. His paternal uncle Anders Lennartsson was Lord High Constable of Sweden and trusted by duke Charles, but he fell at the battle of Kirkholma in 1605.

At the age of fifteen he became one of the pages of the young King Gustavus Adolphus and was allowed to observe Livonian war (such as conquest of Riga in 1621). When twenty, he made his grand tour, learning to know foreign countrues. In January 1626 he was at the battle of Wallhof as ensign. And served during the Prussian campaigns of 1628 - 1629. It is told that at one battle Gustavus Adolphus sent Torstenson with an order to one of the officers. On his way Torstenson noticed that the enemy had changed his dispositions and altered the Kings orders. On returning to Gustavus Adolphus the King had noticed the new development. When Torstenson told Gustavus Adolphus what he have done the King rose his hand but then changed his mind and said "Lennart, this could have cost you your life, but maybe you are better suited to be a general than a page at the royal court." Just a couple of years later, in 1629 Torstenson was put in charge of the Swedish artillery, which under his guidance materially contributed to the victories of Breitenfeld and Lech. The same year he was taken prisoner at Alte Veste and shut up for nearly a year at Ingolstadt. Under Johan Banér he rendered distinguished service at the Battle of Wittstock and during the energetic defence of Pomerania in 1637 - 1638, as well as at the Battle of Chemnitz and in the raid into Bohemia in 1639. Illness, contracted at his imprisonment, compelled him to return to Sweden in 1641, when he was made a member of the Privy Council.

[edit] Generalissimo

The sudden death of Banér in May 1641 recalled Torstenson to Germany as generalissimo of the Swedish forces and Governor General of Pomerania. He was at the same time promoted to the rank of Field Marshal. In 1642 he marched through Brandenburg and Silesia into Moravia, taking all the principal fortresses on his way. On returning through Saxony he well-nigh annihilated the imperialist army at the second Battle of Breitenfeld on October 23, 1642. In 1643 he invaded Moravia for the second time, but was suddenly recalled to invade Denmark, when his rapid and unexpected intervention paralysed the Danish defence on the land side, though Torstenson's own position in Jutland was for a time precarious owing to the skilful handling of the Danish fleet by Christian IV of Denmark. In 1644 he led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperialists at the battle of Jüterbog on November 23. At the beginning of November 1645 he broke into Bohemia, and the victory of Jankau on February 24, 1645 laid open before him the road to Vienna. Yet, though one end of the Danube bridge actually fell into his hands, his exhausted army was unable to penetrate any further and, in December the same year, Torstenson, crippled by gout, was forced to resign his command and return to Sweden. In 1647 he was created a count. From 1648 to 1651 he ruled all the western provinces of Sweden, as governor-general. On his death at Stockholm on April 7, 1651 he was buried solemnly in the Riddarholm Church, the Pantheon of Sweden. Torstenson was remarkable for the extraordinary and incalculable rapidity of his movements, though very frequently he had to lead the army in a litter, as his bodily infirmities would not permit him to mount his horse. He was also the most scientific artillery officer and the best and most successful engineer in the Swedish army.