Lishenets
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A lishenets (Russian: лишенец), from Russian word лишение, "deprivation", properly translated in this context as a disenfranchised, was a person stripped of the right of voting in the Soviet Union of 1918 — 1936. Disenfranchising was a means of repression of the categories of population that were classified as "enemies of the working people".
The 1918 Soviet Constitution enumerated the categories of disenfranchised people: those who used hired labor, religious figures, former policemen, merchants, etc. The 1924 Soviet Constitution and subsequent decrees detailed this list further and added new categories.
Being disenfranchised meant much more than simply being disallowed to vote or be elected. A lishenets could not occupy any governmental position, or receive higher and technical education. He was deprived of various privileges and subsidies: employment, housing, retirement, etc. He could not be a member of kolkhozes and other kinds of cooperatives.
Members of the family whose head was lishenets were automatically disenfranchised.
During the rationing system of 1929-1930, disenfranchised were also deprived of rations.
The voting rights could be restored by local election commissions upon the proof of engagement in productive labor and of the loyalty to the Soviet power. The ultimate authorities were the Central Election Commission and Presidium of the Central Executive Committee.
The 1936 Soviet Constitution instituted universal suffrage, and the category of lishenets was eliminated.
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