List of pharaohs

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Dynasties of Pharaohs in Ancient Egypt

Predynastic Egypt

Protodynastic Period

Early Dynastic Period

1st 2nd

Old Kingdom

3rd 4th 5th 6th

First Intermediate Period

7th 8th 9th 10th

11th (Thebes only)

Middle Kingdom

11th (All Egypt)

12th 13th 14th

Second Intermediate Period

15th 16th 17th

New Kingdom

18th 19th 20th

Third Intermediate Period

21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th

First Persian Period

Late Period

28th 29th 30th

Second Persian Period

Graeco-Roman Period

Alexander the Great

Ptolemaic Dynasty

Roman Egypt

Arab Conquest

This article contains a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, from the Early Dynastic Period before 3000 BC through to the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus Caesar in 30 BC.

Note that the dates given must be regarded in most instances as approximate. Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used. Presented below is one such interpretation, but it is assuredly not the only one.

Contents 1 Archaic period 1.1 Early dynastic: Lower Egypt 1.2 Early dynastic: Upper Egypt 1.3 First Dynasty 1.4 Second Dynasty 2 Old Kingdom 2.1 Third Dynasty 2.2 Fourth Dynasty 2.3 Fifth Dynasty 2.4 Sixth Dynasty 3 First intermediate period 3.1 Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined) 3.2 Ninth Dynasty 3.3 Tenth Dynasty 3.4 Eleventh Dynasty 4 Middle Kingdom 4.1 Twelfth Dynasty 5 Second intermediate period 5.1 Thirteenth Dynasty 5.2 Fourteenth Dynasty 5.3 Fifteenth Dynasty 5.4 Sixteenth Dynasty 5.5 Seventeenth Dynasty 6 New Kingdom 6.1 Eighteenth Dynasty 6.2 Nineteenth Dynasty 6.3 Twentieth Dynasty 7 Third intermediate period 7.1 Twenty-first Dynasty 7.2 Twenty-second Dynasty 7.3 Twenty-third Dynasty 7.4 The Libu 7.5 Twenty-fourth Dynasty 8 Late period 8.1 Twenty-fifth Dynasty 8.2 Twenty-sixth Dynasty 8.3 Twenty-seventh Dynasty 8.4 Twenty-eighth Dynasty 8.5 Twenty-ninth Dynasty 8.6 Thirtieth Dynasty 8.7 Thirty-first Dynasty 8.8 Argead Dynasty 8.9 Ptolemaic Dynasty 9 Rome 10 References 11 See also 12 External links

[edit] Archaic period

The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms, and the First and Second Dynasties

[edit] Early dynastic: Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt, known as the Black Land, consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The following list may not be complete:

Name	Comments	Dates
Tiu	—	?
Thesh	—	?
Hsekiu	—	?
Wazner	—	c. 3100 BC?

[edit] Early dynastic: Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt, known as the Red Land, consisted of the southern Nile and the deserts. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):

Name	Comments	Dates
Serket I	Oldest tomb at Umm el-Qa'ab had scorpion insignia	c. 3200 BC?
Iry-Hor	kingship uncertain	c. 3150 BC?
Ka	—	c. 3100 BC
King Scorpion	Potentially pronounced Serqet, but uncertain; possibly the same person as Narmer.	c. 3100 BC
Narmer	The king who combined Upper and Lower Egypt	c. 3100 BC

[edit] First Dynasty

The First Dynasty ruled from c.3050 BC to 2890 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Menes	Potentially the same person as Narmer, Hor-Aha, Serket II, or any combination of the three.	contingent upon identity
Hor-Aha	Arguably the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.	c. 3050 BC
Djer	—	41 years
Merneith	Regent for Den	—
Djet	—	23 years
Den	—	14 to 20.1 years
Anedjib	—	10 years
Semerkhet	—	9 years
Qa'a	—	2916?–2890

[edit] Second Dynasty

The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Hotepsekhemwy	—	2890–?
Raneb	—	39 years
Nynetjer	—	40 years
Wneg	—	8 years
Senedj	—	20 years
Seth-Peribsen	—	17 years
Sekhemib-Perenmaat	—
Khasekhemwy	?–2686 BC	17 to 18 years

[edit] Old Kingdom

The Old Kingdom is period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley), spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2630–2151 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period -- or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis, where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids".

[edit] Third Dynasty

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Sanakhte	—	2686-2668
Djoser	Commissioned the Step Pyramid designed by Imhotep	2668–2649
Sekhemkhet	—	2649–2643
Khaba	—	2643–2637
Huni	—	2637–2613

[edit] Fourth Dynasty

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus).

Nomen (Praenomen)	Comments	Dates
Sneferu	He built the Bent Pyramid, which is pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, known as the Red Pyramid. Some say that he was buried at the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried at the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that shows this is Sneferu's body.	2613–2589
Khufu	Greek form Cheops. Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, name, and monuments have perished for one reason or another.	2589–2566
Djedefra (Radjedef)	—	2566–2558
Khafra	Greek form Chephren	2558–2532
—	here some authorities insert Bikheris, following Manetho	—
Menkaura	Greek form Mycerinus	2532–2503
Shepseskaf	–	2503–2498
—	here some authorities insert Thampthis, following Manetho	—

[edit] Fifth Dynasty

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Userkaf	—	2498–2491
Sahure	—	2487–2477
Neferirkare Kakai	—	2477–2467
Shepseskare Isi	—	2467–2460
Neferefre	—	2460–2453
Nyuserre Ini	—	2453–2422
Menkauhor Kaiu	—	2422–2414
Djedkare Isesi	—	2414–2375
Unas	—	2375–2345

[edit] Sixth Dynasty

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Teti	—	2345–2333
Userkare	—	2333–2332
Pepi I Meryre	—	2332–2283
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	—	2283–2278
Pepi II Neferkare	Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings.	2278–2184
Neferka(a child)	Only mentiioned in the redford,reigned during Pepi II, possibly his son/co reigner?	2200–2199
Nefer	Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day according to turin canon	2197–2193
Aba	4yrs 2mths.Reign dates dont follow turan canon. Highly unlikely.	2293–2176
Unknown King	Unknown king attested here
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II	Uncertain pharaoh.	2184
Nitiqret	A supposed female ruler.	2184–2181

[edit] First intermediate period

The First Intermediate Period is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by ineffeciency because of his advanced age.

The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine.

Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. In the meantime, however, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.

Around 2055 BC, a descendant of the pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, founded the Eleventh Dynasty and ruled as Mentuhotep II, the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.

[edit] Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from 2181 to 2160 BC. (This table is based on the Abydos Table from the Temple of Seti I, taken from www.narmer.pl/main/abydos_en.html)

Name	Comments	Dates
Neferkara I	-
Neferkara Nebi	-
Djedkara Shemai	-
Neferkara Khendu	-
	Some authorities place here Merenhor
Neferkamin Seneferka	-
Nikara	-
Neferkara Tereru	-
Neferkahor	-
Neferkara Pepyseneb	-
Neferkamin Anu	-
Qakare Ibi	-
Neferkara II	-
Neferkawhor Khuwihap	-
Neferirkara	-

[edit] Ninth Dynasty

The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)	-	2160– ?
Meribre Khety II	-	?
Neferkare III	-	?
Nebkaure (Acthoes II)	-	?
Setut	-	?
Wakhare Khety I	-	?
Merykare	-	?
Wankhare Khety II	-	?
Menethoupe I	-	?
Wankhare Khety III	-	?
Khety II	-	?
Khety II's daughter	-	?
Merikare's daughter	-	? –2130

[edit] Tenth Dynasty

The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Meryhathor	—	2130– ?
Neferkare IV	—	?
Wankare (Acthoes III)	—	?
Merykare	—	?
—	—	? –2040

[edit] Eleventh Dynasty

The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Intef I	—	2134–2117
Intef II	—	2117–2069
Intef III	—	2069–2060
Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I	Gained all Egypt 2040, Middle Kingdom begins.	2060–2010
Sankhkare Mentuhotep II	—	2010–1998
Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III	—	1997–1991

[edit] Middle Kingdom

The Middle Kingdom is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to be beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos.

[edit] Twelfth Dynasty

The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.

Name	Comments	Dates
Amenemhat I	—	1991–1962
Senusret I (Sesostris I)	—	1971–1926
Amenemhat II	—	1929–1895
Senusret II (Sesostris II)	—	1897–1878
Senusret III (Sesostris III)	Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs.	1878–1860
Amenemhat III	—	1860–1815
Amenemhat IV	Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.	1815–1807
Sobekneferu	A rare female ruler.	1807–1803

[edit] Second intermediate period

The Second Intermediate Period is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt. The provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell ed-Dab'a/Khata'na). The Hyksos, led by Salitis, the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, overran Egypt during the reign of Dudimose I.

Around the time Memphis fell to the Hyksos, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes declared its independence and set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia

[edit] Thirteenth Dynasty

The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1803 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 Yrs according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty

Name	Comments	Dates
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep or Wegaf	Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is attested by several Nile Records and Papyri.	1803–1799 4 yrs.
Sekhemkare	Amenemhat V Senebef, brother of Sekhemre Khutawy. 3 Yrs.	—
Amenemhat	—	1795–1792
Sehetepre	—	? –1790
Iufni	—	?
Seankhibre	—	?
Semenkare	—	?
Sehetepre	—	?
Sewadjkare	—	?
Nedjemibre	7 months	?
Sobekhotep I	—	?
Renseneb	4 months	c. 1775
Awybre Hor I?	—	c. 1775?
Sedjefakare	A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.	c. 5 to 7 yrs.
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep	Compare Wegaf	c. 1767
Khendjer	Minimum 4 yrs and 3 months	c. 1765
Imyremeshaw	—	?
Antef V	—	?
Sobekhotep III	4 years and 2 months	c. 1755
Neferhotep I	11 years	1751–1740
Sobekhotep IV	10 or 11 years	1740–1730
Sobekhotep V	—	c. 1730
Wahibre Ibiau	10 years & 8 months	c. 1725–1714
Merneferre Ai	23 years & 8 months	c. 1714–1691
Merhetepre Ini	2 years & 2 months	?
Seankhenre Sewadtjew	—	?
Mersekhemre Ined	—	?
Sewadjkare Hori	—	?

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Name	Comments	Dates
Dudimose I	—	c. 1654
Dudimose II	—	?
Senebmiu	—	?
Mentuhotep V	—	?
Senaayeb	—	?

[edit] Fourteenth Dynasty

The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Xois (Avaris), that ruled from around 1705 to around 1690 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Nehesy	-	c. 1705
Khakherewre ?	-	?
Nebefawre	-	c. 1704
Sehebre ?	-	?
Merdjefare	-	c. 1699
Sewadjkare ?	-	?
Nebdjefare	-	c. 1694
Webenre ?	-	?
?	-	?
—djefare ?	-	?
—webenre	-	c. 1690

The Turin King List provides an additional 25 names, some fragmentary, and no dates. None are attested to elsewhere, and all are of very dubious provenance.

[edit] Fifteenth Dynasty

The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyskos people: desert Bedouins who emerged out of the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Sheshi	Ruled either 1 or 3 years	1674- ?
Yakubher	-	?
Khyan	-	30-40 Years
Apepi I	-	40 Years or more
Khamudy	-	? -1535

[edit] Sixteenth Dynasty

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a local group based on the north coast of the Sinai (Pelusium) and ruled from 1663 to around 1555 BC:

Nomen (Praenomen)	Comments	Dates
-	name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered	-
Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy)	–	3 y
Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy)	–	16 y
Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy)	–	1 y
Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra)	–	1 y
Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra)	–	26 y
Nebiryraw II	–	3 m?
– (Semenra)	–	1 y?
Bebiankh (Sewoserenra)	–	12 y
– (Sekhemreshedwaset)	–	3 m?
-	names of five kings are lost here in the Turin King List, and cannot be recovered	-

Some sources include as many as six more names – Semqen, Khauserre, Seket, Ahetepre, Amu, and Nebkhepeshre (Apepi III) – who are not attested elsewhere. This group seems to have disappeared entirely by 1555 BC.

[edit] Seventeenth Dynasty

The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw	-	1650- ?
Intef V the Elder	-	3 years
Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat	-	?
Antef VII Nubkheperre	-
Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat	-	-
Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw	-	-
Thuty	-	1 year
Mentuhotep VI	-	1 year
Nebiryerawet I	-	6 years
Nebiryerawet II	-	?
Semenmedjatre	-	?
Seuserenre	-	12 years
Shedwast	-	?
Intef VII	-	3 or more years
Tao I the Elder (ie: Senakhtenre)	-	c. 1558
Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre)	-	c. 1558-1554
Kamose	-	1554-1549

[edit] New Kingdom

The New Kingdom is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, and Ramesses II, who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

[edit] Eighteenth Dynasty

The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from 1550 to 1295 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Ahmose I, Ahmosis I	Successor to Kamose, above.	1550-1525
Amenhotep I	-	1525-1504
Thutmose I	-	1504-1492
Thutmose II	-	1492-1479
Thutmose III	Often called the "Napoleon of Egypt." Dominated early in his reign by his stepmother Hatshepsut; after she died, he began expanding Egyptian rule into the Levant.	1479-1425
Hatshepsut	The second known Female ruler. Her statues often show her as a man, with the false beard and no sign that she was a woman. The reason for her death is unknown.	1473-1458
Amenhotep II	-	1425-1400
Thutmose IV	-	1400-1390
Amenhotep III	-	1390-1352
Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten	Founder of brief period of monotheism (Atenism) His original name means "Amun is pleased."	1352-1336
Smenkhkare	Possible coregent with Akhenaten.	1338-1336
Tutankhamun	Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, probably reinstated the polytheistic religion.	1336-1327
Kheperkheprure Ay	-	1327-1323
Horemheb	Former General and advisor to Tutankhamun. Obliterated images of the Amarna queens and kings (all except Amenhotep III and Tiye).	1323-1295

[edit] Nineteenth Dynasty

The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1295 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great:

Name	Comments	Dates
Ramesses I	-	1295-1294
Seti I	-	1294-1279
Ramesses II the Great	The ruler usually associated with Moses, though with very little evidence to support this. Reached a stalemate with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the earliest known peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC.	1279-1213
Merneptah	A stele describing his campaigns in Libya and Palestine contains the first known reference to the Israelites.	1213-1203
Amenemses	-	1203-1200
Seti II	-	1200-1194
Merneptah Siptah	-	1194-1188
Twosret	A rare female ruler also known as pielady in some places	1188-1186

[edit] Twentieth Dynasty

The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1185 to 1070 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Setnakhte	-	1186-1183
Ramesses III	Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC.	1183-1152
Ramesses IV	-	1152-1146
Ramesses V	-	1146-1142
Ramesses VI	-	1142-1134
Ramesses VII	-	1134-1126
Ramesses VIII	-	1126-1124
Ramesses IX	-	1124-1106
Ramesses X	-	1106-1102
Ramesses XI	- stripped of power by High Priest of Amun Herihor	1102-1069

[edit] Third intermediate period

The Third Intermediate Period marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

[edit] Twenty-first Dynasty

The Twenty-first Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 945 BC

Name	Comments	Dates
Nesbanebdjed I	Also known as Smendes I ( Smendes )	1069-1043
Amenemnisu	-	1043-1039
Psusennes I	-	1039-991
Amenemope	-	993-984
Osorkon the Elder	- *( Osochor )	984-978
Siamun	-	978-959
Psusennes II	-	959-945

[edit] Twenty-second Dynasty

The pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 945 to 720 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Shoshenq I	The biblical Shishaq	945-924
Osorkon I	-	924-889
Shoshenq II	-	890-890/889
Takelot I	-	889-874
Harsiese	A rebel, at Thebes	875-862
Osorkon II	-	874-834
Shoshenq III	-	834-795
Shoshenq IV	-	795-782
Pami	-	782-776
Shoshenq V	-	776-740
Osorkon IV	-	740-720

[edit] Twenty-third Dynasty

The Twenty-third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Leontopolis, that ruled from 836 to 720 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Takelot II	Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd	837-813
Pedubast	A rebel- seized Thebes from Takelot II	826-801
Iuput I	-	812-811
Shoshenq VI	Successor to Pedubast	801-795
Osorkon III	Son of Takelot II- recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king	795-767
Takelot III	-	773-765
Rudamun	-	765-762
Iuput II	-	762-728

[edit] The Libu

Not reckoned a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (Libyans) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Inamunnifnebu	-	805-795
?	-	795-780
Niumateped	-	780-755
Titaru	-	763-755
Ker	-	755-750
Rudamon	-	750-745
Ankhor	-	745-736
Tefnakht	-	736-732

[edit] Twenty-fourth Dynasty

The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Tefnakhte	-	732-725
Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)	-	725-720

[edit] Late period

The Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BC, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians.

[edit] Twenty-fifth Dynasty

Nubians invaded Egypt in 732 BC and took the throne of Egypt, establishing the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

Name	Comments	Dates
Piye	King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years	752-721
Shabaka	-	721-707
Shebitku	Synchronism with Sargon II of Assyria establshes his accession date at 707/706 BC	707-690
Taharqa	-	690-664
Tantamani		664-653

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656-590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC-4th cent. AD).

[edit] Twenty-sixth Dynasty

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC.

Name	Comment	Dates
Necho I	-	672 – 664 BC
Psamtik I	-	664 – 610 BC
Necho II	-	610 – 595 BC
Psamtik II	-	595 – 589 BC
Wahibre	-	589 – 570 BC
Ahmose II	-	570 – 526 BC
Psammetichus III	-	526 – 525 BC

[edit] Twenty-seventh Dynasty

Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and annexed by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid shahs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:

Name	Comments	Dates
Cambyses II	-	525 – 521 BC
Smerdis the Usurper	-	522 – 521 BC
Darius I the Great	-	521 – 486 BC
Xerxes I the Great	-	486 – 465 BC
Artabanus the Hyrcanian	-	465 – 464 BC
Artaxerxes I Longhand	-	464 – 424 BC
Xerxes II	claimant	424 – 423 BC
Sogdianus	claimant	424 – 423 BC
Darius II		424 – 404 BC

[edit] Twenty-eighth Dynasty

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:

Name	Comments	Dates
Amyrtaeus	Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians	404 – 398 BC

[edit] Twenty-ninth Dynasty

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Nefaarud I	Also known as Nepherites	398 – 393 BC
Psammuthes	-	393 BC
Hakor (Achoris)	-	393 – 380 BC
Nefaarud II	-	380 BC

[edit] Thirtieth Dynasty

The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Nectanebo I	Also known as Nekhtnebef	380 – 362 BC
Teos of Egypt	-	362 – 360 BC
Nectanebo II	-	360 – 343 BC

[edit] Thirty-first Dynasty

Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Name	Comments	Dates
Artaxerxes III	Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time	343–338 BC
Artaxerxes IV Arses	Only reigned in Lower Egypt	338–336 BC
Khabbabash	Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt	338–335 BC
Darius III Codomannus	Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC	336–332 BC

[edit] Argead Dynasty

The Macedonians under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Name	Comments	Dates
Alexander III the Great	Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt	332–323 BC
Philip III Arrhidaeus	Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III the Great	323–317 BC
Alexander IV of Macedon	Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana	317–309 BC

[edit] Ptolemaic Dynasty

The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency):

Name	Comments	Dates
Ptolemy I Soter	Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC	305–285 BC
Berenice I	Wife of Ptolemy I	?-285 BC
Ptolemy II Philadelphos	-	288–246 BC
Arsinoe I	Wife of Ptolemy II	284/81-ca. 274 BC
Arsinoe II	Wife of Ptolemy II	277-270 BC
Ptolemy III Euergetes I	-	246–222 BC
Berenice II	Wife of Ptolemy III	244/3-222 BC
Ptolemy IV Philopator	-	222–204 BC
Arsinoe III	Wife of Ptolemy IV	220-204 BC
Ptolemy V Epiphanes	Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC	204–180 BC
Cleopatra I	Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority	193-176 BC
Ptolemy VI Philometor	Died 145 BC	180–164 BC
Cleopatra II	Wife of Ptolemy VI	173-164 BC
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II	Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC	171–163 BC
Ptolemy VI Philometor	Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC	163-145 BC
Cleopatra II	Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt.	163-127 BC
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II	144-145 BC
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II	Restored	145-131 BC
Cleopatra III	Second wife of Ptolemy VIII	142-131 BC
Ptolemy Memphitis	Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII	131 BC
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II	Restored	127-116 BC
Cleopatra III	Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.	127-107 BC
Cleopatra II	Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.	124-116 BC
Ptolemy IX Soter II	Died 80 BC	116–110 BC
Cleopatra IV	Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III	116-115 BC
Ptolemy X Alexander I	Died 88 BC	110–109 BC
Ptolemy IX Soter II	Restored	109–107 BC
Ptolemy X Alexander I	Restored	107–88 BC
Ptolemy IX Soter II	Restored again	88–81 BC
Berenice III	Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later	81-80 BC
Ptolemy XI Alexander II	Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III	80 BC
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes)	Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC	80–58 BC
Cleopatra V Tryphaena	Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV	?-57 BC
Cleopatra VI	Daughter of Ptolemy XII	?-58 BC
Berenice IV	Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled	58–55 BC
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos	Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death	55–51 BC
Cleopatra VII	Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as Cleopatra	51–30 BC
Ptolemy XIII	Brother of Cleopatra VII	51–47 BC
Arsinoe IV	In opposition to Cleopatra VII	48-47 BC
Ptolemy XIV	Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII	47–44 BC
Ptolemy XV Caesarion	Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra	44–30 BC

[edit] Rome

Cleopatra VII had an affair with Roman Dictator Julius Caesar, and Roman General Marc Anthony, but it wasn't until after her suicide in 30 BC (after Marc Anthony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be the emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman Emperors were accorded the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt.

[edit] References

• Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.

[edit] See also

• Conventional Egyptian chronology
• Egyptian chronology
• History of Egypt
• Lists of office-holders
• The Greatest Pharaohs

[edit] External links

• Egyptian Royal Genealogy
• Digital Egypt for Universities