Music of Norway
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Music based on traditional Norwegian form usually includes minor or modal scales (sometimes mixed with major scales), making a sober and haunting sound. Pure major key dance music forms also exist. Prior to the 1700s, there is scant written record of what kind of music was played in Norway, but there is a large aural tradition. In 1380, Norway had come under Danish rule, and thus had no royal house or nobility of its own; as a result, for 450 years, Norway did not participate as much in the musical development which occurred in royal (or "cultured") circles throughout the rest of Europe. Religious and traditional (folk) music were dominant throughout this era in rural areas, though again scant records exist to document their nature. In the last half of the 20th century, Norway, like many other countries in the world, underwent a roots revival that saw indigenous music being revived.
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[edit] Traditional (Folk) Nusic
Traditional Norwegian vocal music includes (kvad), ballads and short, often improvised songs (stev) are among the most common types of traditional music. Work songs, hymns, tralling vocals and old printed ballad stories, skillingsviser, have also been popular.
Norway shares a Nordic dance music tradition with its neighbouring countries of Sweden and Denmark, where the Hardanger fiddle (hardingfele), the most distinctive instrument in Norwegian folk music, is used along with other fiddles like the standard violin and Setesdals-fele. The hardingfele was part of kappleik musical contests from the late 19th century.
Traditional dances are normally referred to as bygdedans (village or regional dance) and include halling, pols, springleik, rull, gangar and springar. These dances, sometimes called "courting dances" were often connected to the important events of rural (farming) life: weddings, funerals and cyclical feasts like Christmas.
In the second half of the 19th century, some fiddlers, especially those from Telemark, significantly Lars Fykerud (who eventually moved to Stoughton, Wisconsin in the United States and then returned to Telemark late in life), began introducing more expressive ways of playing, turning the traditional slått music to concert music for the urban classes. At the same time, new dances were imported from Europe, including the fandango, reinlender, waltz, polka and mazurka. These are now known as gammeldans (old dances).
Perhaps the most popular and controversial of modern Hardanger fiddle artists is Annbjørg Lien, who released her first album, Annbjørg in 1989. The album featured Helge Førde and Frode Fjellheim and was both praised for its innovative fusion work and expressive style, and criticized for its watering-down of traditional sounds and a lack of regional tradition.
Other Norwegian traditional instruments include:
- bukkehorn (goat horn)
- harpeleik (chorded zither)
- langeleik (box dulcimer)
- lur (an older, trumpet-like instrument)
- seljefløyte, a willow flute
- tungehorn and Meråker (clarinets)
- Norwegian harp
[edit] Classical music
The first classical composers from Norway are documented from the beginning of the 18th century, when they composed dance and chamber music, including cantatas. In 1814, Sweden entered into a union with Norway, and the Swedish royal family spent time in Norway's capital, Christiania (Oslo). At their royal court, music flourished.
[edit] National Romanticism
National romanticism, a movement that was prevalent throughout Europe, touched Norway as well, and began to affect classical musicians and classical music in the country.
The violinist Ole Bull (1810–1880) was the first major Norwegian musician. He became world-famous starting in about 1834, and was known as the Nordic Paganini.
From about 1831, traditional Norwegian music began to influence the classical scene, especially throuh Ole Bull, who befriended the famous traditional Hardanger fiddle player Myllarguten and through the friendship gained better understanding of traditional music. Bull himself started playing the Hardanger fiddle, and was the first to present folk tunes to the public in urban areas. He also saw to that Myllarguten played with him in concert, presenting a rural traditional musician to an urban audience for the very first time, in February, 1849, at the very height of Norwegian romantic nationalism. This later inspired Edvard Grieg to look for folk musical sources. But urban audiences were slow to gain an appreciation and understanding of traditional (rural) music.
Foreign musicians began settling in Norway in large numbers in the 1840s, bringing with them musical knowledge from the rest of Europe. Following the French Revolution of 1848, Norway saw the development of a strong national consciousness, as well as economic growth which occurred the development of music. In comparison to most other countries of this period, female Norwegian musicians were widely accepted, and were even published and given stipends by the state.
With Norwegian nationalism burgeoning, the musical scene throughout the country entered the Golden Age of Norwegian Music, led by Halfdan Kjerulf and organist and collector Ludvig Mathias Lindeman. The Golden Age's most prominent composers were Johan Svendsen and Edvard Grieg. Bull's efforts directly inspired Grieg to look for folk musical sources. These composers, inspired by Lindeman's collections and Ole Bull's Hardanger fiddling, incorporated Norwegian folk elements into their compositions.
At the end of the 19th century, the collection of folk tunes continued unabated, and composers like Christian Sinding and Johan Halvorsen were well-known. Following the dissolution of the union with Sweden in 1905, Norwegian nationalism continued to grow in popularity and innovation, led especially by David Monrad Johansen, Geirr Tveitt, Bjarne Brustad, Ludvig Irgens Jensen, Harald Sæverud, Klaus Egge and Eivind Groven. These composers focused on using folk music in their compositions, a trend which continued well into World War II, though a process of internationalization began in the 1930s. In between the wars, only a few composers, like Pauline Hall and Fartein Valen, were significantly influenced by foreign styles.
[edit] Post World War II
After World War II, Norwegian music began moving in a new direction, away from the Nordic and Germanic ideals of the past, and towards a more international, especially American, British and French, style. New composers of this period included Johan Kvandal, Knut Nystedt, Edvard Hagerup Bull and Egil Hovland. Of especial importance was French neo-classicism, Paul Hindemith and Béla Bartók. During this period, serial music appeared in Norway, led by Finn Mortensen. Later, avant garde composers like Arne Nordheim took advantage of technological developments, using a variety of electronic effects and bizarre instrumentation.
Much of the Norwegian public did not appreciate the new direction these avant-garde composers were moving in, which helped to fuel a conservative backlash. Some composers, like Kåre Kolberg, reacted by writing simple music, while others, such as Alfred Janson and Ragnar Søderlind, revived romanticism. Some music from this era attempted to address social and political concerns, such as Janson's dedication of a violin concerto to Chilean president Salvador Allende.
By the end of the 1970s, Norwegian classical music had become very diverse, incorporating elements from throughout the country's documented musical history, as well as modern jazz, pop and rock. Composers of the last part of the 20th century include Olav Anton Thommessen, Per Christian Jacobsen,Magne Hegdal, Åse Hedstrøm, Asbjørn Schaatun, Tor Halmrast, Glenn Erik Haugland, Nils Henrik Asheim, Cecille Ore and Ketil Hvoslef. Popular and classical attention to folk music has also continued through the work of composers like Lasse Thoresen.
Norway currently supports several orchestras of various sizes. There are two "national orchestras," namely the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, and also orchestras in Stavanger, Trondheim, and Kristiansand.
[edit] Popular and contemporary music
As in other countries, Norway has developed its own forms of popular, contemporary music. Since 2000, Norwegian popular music has generally been appearing on the international scene, initially through breakthroughs by Norwegian jazz and black metal artists, then followed by electronica and pop artists.
[edit] Blues
One of Norway's top blues guitarist is Knut Reiersrud. He has also taken inpiration from traditional Norwegian music forms, including tuning a Stratocaster guitar like the langeleik, calling it a "Hallingcaster". Reiersrud has made some interesting recordings with Norwegian organist Iver Kleive.
R&B stars include Noora and Winta.
[edit] Country
Norway has also produced country musicians like Heidi Hauge and Bjøro Håland.
One of Norway's most popular, best-selling and award-winning country bands is the Hellbillies who write and sing their songs in traditional dialect from Hallingdal. Their genre is traditional country influenced by traditional (folk) elements -- a true Norwegian version of country music. Other artists that sing about common life and culture of Norway include Salhuskvintetten and Vinskvetten.
[edit] Electronic
Aside from stars Röyksopp, Norway has produced electronic performers like 120 Days, Frost, Bertine Zetlitz, Ralph Myerz and the Jack Herren Band, Xploding Plastix, Det Svenska Folket, Bjørn Torske, Palace of Pleasure, Ugress, Sternklang, Teebee and Polar. Norway's hip hop scene includes Warlocks, Tommy Tee, Klovner i Kamp, Diaz, Tungtvann and Paperboys
[edit] Jazz
In recent years Norway has also become a major force in world jazz. Pioneers of Norwegian jazz include Jan Garbarek. His cool, almost ambient approach is typical of Norwegian jazz, although recently there have been moves to build bridges with electronica and post-rock. He, too, has linked jazz with traditional Norwegian music, as evidenced in his recording "Rosenfole" with acclaimed Norwegian traditional-style singer, Agnes Buen Gårnas.
Other contemporary Norwegian jazz stars include the group Supersilent, drummer Jon Christensen, guitarist Terje Rypdal, pianist Bugge Wesseltoft, and Nils Petter Molvaer. Many of these artists record for the seminal jazz label ECM. However some of the more modern artists record for the newer Norwegian label Rune Grammofon.
[edit] Metal
Norway has long been a major player in the extreme metal scene and other heavy metal scenes, alongside Sweden and Finland. Norway is perhaps most notable for giving birth to the controversial Norwegian black metal scene, which has produced such bands as Dimmu Borgir, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Darkthrone, Mayhem, Ulver, Kovenant, Satyricon, Arcturus, Ancient, 1349, Carpathian Forest and Solefald.
[edit] Rock and Pop
Modern Norwegian pop acts include a-ha, Furia Norway, M2M, Marit Larsen, Kings of Convenience, Erlend Øye, Minor Majority, Ane Brun, Briskeby, D'Sound, Serena Maneesh, Jaga Jazzist, Lene Marlin, Annie, Supersilent, Sondre Lerche, Venke Knutson, Röyksopp and Savoy.
a-ha is undoubtedly the most successful music group ever to come out of Norway, having soldover 50 million albums worldwide
Sissel Kyrkjebø, a Norwegian singer whose also known as "Sissel" has also reached a level of worldwide popularity - especially after her voice appeared on the soundtrack for the film "Titanic".
The Norwegian rock scene is comprised of bands such as Turbonegro, Madrugada, Kaizers Orchestra and Gåte. Legends of the scene include 1980s and 90s heroes Dum Dum Boys, Jokke & Valentinerne, deLillos, Raga Rockers, Seigmen and Motorpsycho.
[edit] Record Labels
Norwegian record labels include:
- Big Dipper Records
- Burznazg
- Deathlike Silence
- Duplex Records
- Grappa
- Heilo
- Jazzland Records
- Jokkes eget plateselskap (JEPS)
- Norske Gram
- Rune grammofon
- Simax
- Smalltown Supersound
- Spinner Records
- Tee Productions
- Tuba Records
[edit] See also
| Nordic music |
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Denmark - Faroe Islands - Estonia - Finland (Karelia - Sami) - Greenland - Iceland - Latvia - Lithuania - Norway - Sweden |
[edit] Samples
- Download recording of "Å kjøre vatten, å kjøre ve", an a cappella Norwegian-American folk song from the Library of Congress' California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection; performed by Alf Nilssen on February 18, 1939 in Carmel, California
[edit] External links
- Norwegian pop music - article from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- The History of Music in Norway - article from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Norwegian Bandindex
- Urørt (Untouched) - Download songs from 7000 New Norwegian bands
- Norwegian Music on MySpace
- Norway Cultural Profile - national cultural portal for Norway in English
[edit] References
- Cronshaw, Andrew. "Fjords and Fiddles". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 211-218. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
