Ohthere

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This is about the Swedish king Ohthere. For the Norwegian voyager by the same name, see Ottar from Hålogaland

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Ohthere, Ohtere (the name is sometimes misspelt Ohþere), Óttarr, Óttarr vendilkráka or Ottar Vendelkråka (Vendelcrow) (ca 515 - ca 530^[1]) was a semi-legendary king of Sweden belonging to the house of Scylfings.

His name has been reconstructed as Proto-Norse *Ōhtaharjaz or *Ōhtuharjaz meaning "feared warrior"^[2].

Contents 1 Beowulf 2 Scandinavian sources 3 Ohthere's barrow 4 Notes 5 References

[edit] Beowulf

In the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf the name of Ohthere only appears in constructions referring to his father Ongenþeow (fæder Ohtheres)^[3], mother (Onelan modor and Ohtheres)^[4], and his sons Eadgils (suna Ohteres^[5], sunu Ohteres^[6]) and Eanmund (suna Ohteres)^[7].

When Othere and his actions are concerned, he is referred to as Ongenþeow's offspring together with his brother Onela. The section deals with Ohthere and Onela pillaging the Geats at the death of their king Hreðel, restarting the Swedish-Geatish wars:

Þa wæs synn and sacu Sweona and Geata, ofer wid wæter wroht gemæne, here-nið hearda, syððan Hreðel swealt, oððe him Ongenþeowes eaferan wæran frome fyrd-hwate, freode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.[8]

There was strife and struggle 'twixt Swede and Geat o'er the width of waters; war arose, hard battle-horror, when Hrethel died, and Ongentheow's offspring grew strife-keen, bold, nor brooked o'er the seas pact of peace, but pushed their hosts to harass in hatred by Hreosnabeorh.[9]

Later, it is implied in the poem that Ohthere has died, because his brother Onela is king. Ohthere's sons Eadgils and Eanmund fled to the Geats and the wars began anew.

[edit] Scandinavian sources

Ynglingatal, Ynglinga saga, Íslendingabók and Historia Norvegiae all present Óttarr as the son of Egill (called Ongenþeow in Beowulf) and as the father of Aðísl/Aðils/athils/Adils (Eadgils).

According to the latest source, Ynglinga saga, Óttarr refused to pay tribute to the Danish king Fróði for the help that his father had received. Then Fróði sent two men to collect the tribute, but Óttarr answered that the Swedes had never paid tribute to the Daner and would not begin with him. Fróði then gathered a vast host and looted in Sweden, but the next summer he pillaged in the east. When Óttarr learnt that Fróði was gone, he sailed to Denmark to plunder in return and went into the Limfjord where he pillaged in Vendsyssel. Fróði's jarls Vott and Faste attacked Óttarr in the fjord. The battle was even and many men fell, but the Daner were reinforced by the people in the neighbourhood and so the Swedes lost (a version apparently borrowed from the death of Óttarr's predecessor Jorund). The Daner put Óttarr's dead corpse on a mound to be devoured by wild beasts, and made a wooden crow that they sent to Sweden with the message that the wooden crow was all that Óttarr was worth. After this, Óttarr was called Vendelcrow.

It is only Snorri who uses the epithet Vendelcrow, whereas the older sources Historia Norvegiae and Íslendingabók use it for his father Egill. Moreover, it is only in Snorri's work that story of Óttarr's death in Vendsyssel appears, and it is probably his own invention^[10]. Ynglingatal only mentions that Óttarr was killed by the Danish jarls Vott and Faste in a place named Vendel (Laing has been influenced by Snorri's version in his translation):

Féll Óttarr und ara greipar dugandligr fyrir Dana vápnum, þann hergammr hrægum fœti viti borinn á Vendli sparn. Þau frá ek verk Vötts ok Fasta sœnskri þjóð at sögum verða; at eylands jarlar Fróða vígframað um veginn höfðu.[11]

By Danish arms the hero bold, Ottar the Brave, lies stiff and cold. To Vendel's plain the corpse was borne; By eagles' claws the corpse is torn, Spattered by ravens' bloody feet, The wild bird's prey, the wild wolf's meat. The Swedes have vowed revenge to take On Frode's earls, for Ottar's sake; Like dogs to kill them in their land, In their own homes, by Swedish hand.[12]

The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation (continuing after Egil):

Cui successit in regnum filius suus Ottarus, qui a suo æquivoco Ottaro Danorum comite et fratre ejus Fasta in una provinciarum Daniæ, scilicet Wendli, interemptus est. Cujus filius Adils [...]^[13]

Historia Norvegiæ only informs that Ohthere was killed by the Danish brothers Ottar [sic.] and Faste in a Danish place called Vendel.

[edit] Ohthere's barrow

Ohthere's barrow (Swedish: Ottarshögen) ( 60°08′N, 17°34′E) is located in Vendel parish, Uppland, Sweden. The barrow is 5 metres high and 40 metres wide, and in the 17th century, it was recorded that local tradition knew the barrow as Ohthere's barrow^[14].

The barrow was excavated in the period 1914-1916^[15]. It showed the remains of both a man and a woman, and the finds were those of a king^[16]. The Swedish archaeologist Sune Sundquist^[17] reported that in its centre there was a wooden vessel with ashes. There were few finds but they were well-preserved. There were some decorative panels similar to those found in the other Vendel era graves nearby. A comb with a case was found, as well as a golden Roman coin, a solidus, dated to be no later than 477. It had been perforated and was probably used as decoration, but it showed signs of wear and tear and had probably been worn for a longer time. Lindquist stated that the identification of the barrow as that of Ohthere could not receive more archaeological confirmation than those provided by the excavation.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Ottar, an article in the encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok
2. ^ Peterson, Lena. Lexikon över urnnordiska personnamn PDF
3. ^ Line 2929.
4. ^ Line 2933.
5. ^ Lines 2381,
6. ^ Line 2395.
7. ^ Lines 2613.
8. ^ Lines 2473-2480.
9. ^ Modern English translation by Francis Barton Gummere
10. ^ Ottar, an article in the encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok
11. ^ The original text at Heimskringla Norrøne Tekster og Kvad
12. ^ Laing's translation at Sacred Texts
13. ^ Storm, Gustav (editor) (1880). Monumenta historica Norwegiæ: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie i middelalderen, Monumenta Historica Norwegiae (Kristiania: Brøgger), pp. 100-101.
14. ^ Ottarshögen, an article in Nationalencyklopedin
15. ^ Ottarshögen, an article in Nationalencyklopedin
16. ^ A presentation by the Swedish National Heritage Board
17. ^ Fornvännen 1917, Sune Lindqvist, "Ottarshögen i Vendel", p. 142

[edit] References

Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.

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