Onmyōdō

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Onmyōdō (陰陽道, Onmyōdō^?) (also On'yōdō) is a Chinese-influenced traditional Japanese esoteric cosmology, a mixture of natural science and occultism. It is based on two Chinese theories, Five Elements and yin and yang (陰陽, Japanese onmyō). These theories were introduced into Japan in the 5th or 6th century, and accepted by many people as a practical system of divination by the ancient Japanese. These practices were influenced further by Taoism, Buddhism and Shintoism, and evolved into present-day onmyōdō approximately in the late 7th century.

Professional practitioners of this art were called onmyōji (陰陽師, onmyōji^?).

Until the middle of 19th century when onmyōdō was prohibited as superstition, it was under control of the imperial government, and then later its courtiers, the Tsuchimikado family. The restrictions have been lifted, and as of 2006 anyone may study onmyōdō.

[edit] Development

In the 5th and 6th centuries, when the principles of yin-yang and the five elements were transmitted to Japan by way of the Korean Peninsula along with Buddhism and Confucianism, yin-yang and the five elements, as well as the divisions of learning to which it was linked - astronomy, calendar-making, the reckoning of time, and divination, studies based on observation of nature - were amalgamated into fortune-telling. This process of judging auspicious or harmful signs present in the natural world was accepted into Japanese society as a technique for predicting good or bad fortune in the human world. Such techniques were known mostly by Buddhist monks come over from mainland Asia who were knowledgeable in reading and writing Chinese. Over time, demand from members of the imperial court who believed that onmyōdō divination would be helpful in decision-making made it necessary for the laity to perform the art, and onmyōji began to appear around the middle of the 7th century.

With the implementation of the ritsuryo system law codes in the 7th and 8th centuries, yin-yang techniques were put under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Onmyō (陰陽寮, Onmyōryō^?) in the Nakatsukasa Department (中務省, Nakatsukasashō^?) of the Imperial bureaucracy. The Bureau of Onmyō was responsible for overseeing the divinations of Onmyōdō, astrological observations, and the creation of calendars. Also, by law the Buddhist clergy was forbidden to practice astrology and fortune-telling; hence government-controlled onmyōji came to monopolize the practice.

From the Heian period onward, as the ritsuryo system relaxed and the Fujiwara family rose to power, the society of the Imperial court took on a more formal shape, and adherence to rituals to placate the souls of the dead (御霊信仰, Goryō Shinkō^?) to combat the creation of vengeful ghosts (怨霊, onryō^?) burgeoned. Because onmyōji displayed methods that could avert disasters with their skills of divination and magic, the superstition afforded onmyōji influence over the personal lives of the Emperor and the nobility of the court. By consequence, popular awareness of onmyōdō gradually spread from court society to Japanese society as a whole, strengthening its development into a characteristically Japanese art.

Onmyōdō merged with other beliefs and occultism, and evolved from Chinese-imported thoughts to a syncretism found only in Japan. Japanese onmyōdō took in elements from Taoism (道教), which was transmitted to Japan at the same as onmyōdō, including magical elements such as katatagae, monoimi, henbai, and ceremonies to Taoistic gods such as the Taizan Fukunsai. Elements of feng shui and the medical art of jukondō were incorporated as well, and as onmyōdō and Japanese Shinto mutually influenced each other, onmyōdō grew more distinctive. From the end of the 8th century onward, it was influenced by the magical elements of esoteric Buddhism and the Indian-derived astrology (Sukuyōdō) that were transmitted with it.

During the Heian period the nobility organized their lives around practices recommended by onmyōji. The practice of "lucky and unlucky directions" provides an example. Depending on the season, time of day, and other circumstances, a particular direction might be bad luck for an individual. If one's house was located in that direction, such an individual was advised not to go back directly to his house but had to "change direction" (katatagae), by going in a different direction and lodging there. Such a person would not dare to go in the forbidden direction, but stayed where they were, even if that resulted in absence from the court, or passing up invitations from influential people.

In the 10th century Kamo no Tadayuki and his son Kamo no Yasunori made great advancements in onmyōdō, astronomy and calendar science, and from among their students emerged Abe no Seimei, who displayed superior skills in the divining arts of onmyōdō, by which he gained an uncommon amount of trust from the court society. Tadayuki and Yasunori passed on their skills in astronomy to Seimei while their advances in calendar-making went to Yasunori's son. From the end of the Heian period into the Middle Ages, astronomy and calendar science were completely subsumed into onmyōdō, and the Abe and Kamo families came to dominate the art.

[edit] Onmyōji

Onmyōji (陰陽師, Yin-Yang master^?) (also "on'yōji") was one of the classifications of civil servants belonging to the Bureau of Onmyō in ancient Japan's ritsuryo system. People with this title were professional practitioners of onmyōdō.

Onmyōji were specialists in magic and divination. Their court responsibilities ranged from tasks such as keeping track of the calendar, to mystical duties such as divination and protection of the capital from evil spirits. They could divine auspicious or harmful influences in the earth, and were instrumental in the moving of capitals. It is said that an onmyōji could also summon and control shikigami.

Famous onmyōji include Kamo no Yasunori and Abe no Seimei (921–1005). After Seimei's death the emperor had a shrine erected at his home in Kyoto.

Onmyōji had political clout during the Heian period, but in later times when the imperial court fell into decline, their state patronage was lost completely. In modern day Japan onmyōji are defined as a type of Shinto priest, and although there are many that claim to be mediums and spiritualists, the onmyōji continues to be hallmark occult figure.

[edit] Cultural references

The air of mystery surrounding onmyōji and onmyōdō make them frequently employed elements in film, manga and anime.

• The film Onmyōji is a fictitious account of Abe no Seimei.

• Sumeragi Subaru, from X/1999 and Tokyo Babylon is an onmyōji who protects people from curses and vengeful spirits in modern day Japan. Sakurazuka Seishirou, from the same series, is an onmyōji who uses his powers dispassionately for assassination and aggression.

• In Shaman King onmyōji are high level shamans. Characters include Yohmei Asakura, Yoh's grandfather, and Hao.

• Abe no Yasuaki from the game and anime Harukanaru Toki no Naka de is an onmyōji and a disciple of Abe no Seimei.

• The manga and anime series Mahō Sensei Negima features a sophisticated, secretive culture of onmyōji, forming the Japanese counterpart to the protagonist's "western magic".

• In the anime Magical☆Shopping Arcade Abenobashi, the main characters are drawn into another world, where they meet Abe no Seimei. Eventually, Sasshi learns some of the art of onmyōdō.

• In the novel Teito Monogatari by Hiroshi Aramata, the villain, Yasunori Kato, is an evil onmyōji who is revived from the angry and resentful souls of the dead mystics. He overthrows the Tsuchimikado family and employs massive onmyō magic to destroy the city of Tokyo. As shown in the film versions of the story, his power supposedly equals, if not surpasses, that of Abe no Seimei.

• The anime and manga Onmyou Taisenki revolves almost completely around onmyōdō.

• The anime Shounen Onmyouji features Abe no Seimei's grandson.

• Ask Dr. Rin! features an onmyōji named Tokiwa Takashi.

• Onmyōdō is the name of a footwear company.

• Keiya Tenpouin is an onmyouji from the Playstation game Eretzvaju (released internationally as "Evil Zone").

• The PlayStation game Final Fantasy Tactics includes a Job called Onmyoji (translated as "Oracle" for the English release of the game). Onmyoji can use "Yin-Yang Magic" to inflict status abnormalities such as blindness, paralysis and sleep on their enemies.