Rufus King
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Rufus King (March 24, 1755–April 29, 1827) was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat. He was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention. He represented New York in the United States Senate, served as Minister to Britain, and was the Federalist candidate for both Vice President and President of the United States.
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[edit] Career
Rufus King was born in Scarborough, which was then a part of Massachusetts but is now in the state of Maine. King attended Harvard College, but his studies were interrupted by the American Revolutionary War. He fought in the Battle of Rhode Island. He returned to Harvard after the British withdrew from Boston and completed his studies in 1777. He was admitted to the bar, and began a legal practice in Newburyport, Massachusetts. King was first elected to the Massachusetts state assembly in 1783, and returned there each year until 1785. Massachusetts sent him to the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation from 1784 to 1787.
[edit] Politics
In 1787, King was sent to the Constitutional Convention, where he worked closely with Alexander Hamilton on the Committee of Style and Arrangement to prepare the final draft. He proposed the three-fifths compromise while he was there. He returned home and went to work to get the Constitution ratified and to position himself to be named to the U.S. Senate. He was only partially successful. Massachusetts ratified the Constitution, but his efforts to be elected to the Senate failed.
At Hamilton's urging he moved to New York City and was elected to the New York state legislature in 1788. When the U.S. Constitution took effect, the legislature disagreed on who should serve in the state's second United States Senate seat. Governor George Clinton proposed Rufus King as a compromise candidate, and he was elected, representing New York in the Senate from 1789 to 1796 and again from 1813 to 1825.
[edit] Diplomat
King played a major diplomatic role as the Minister to the Court of St. James (Britain) from 1796 to 1803 and again from 1825 to 1826. Although he was a leading Federalist, Thomas Jefferson kept him in office until King asked to be relieved. He successfully settled disputes that the Jay Treaty had opened for negotiation. His term was marked by friendship between the U.S. and Britain; it became hostility after 1805. He was the Federalist Party candidate for Vice President in 1804 and 1808, and for President in 1816. The Federalist party was so weak that the nominations were honorific.
[edit] Anti-Slavery
King had a long history of opposition to the expansion of slavery and the slave trade. This stand was a product of moral conviction which coincided with the political realities of New England federalism. In 1785, King first opposed the extension of slavery into the Northwest Territories, although he was willing "to suffer the continuance of slaves until they can be gradually emancipated in states already overrun with them." He did not press the issue very hard at this time, however. At the Constitutional Convention he indicated his opposition to slavery was based upon the political and economic advantages it gave to the South, and he was willing to compromise for political reasons.
In 1817, he supported Senate action seeking abolition of the slave trade, and in 1819 spoke strongly for the antislavery amendment in the Missouri statehood bill. In 1819, his arguments were political, economic, and humanitarian; the extension of slavery would adversely affect the security of the principles of freedom and liberty. After the Missouri Compromise he continued to support gradual emancipation in various ways. [Arbena 1965]
One of King’s most consequential interventions in Congress was in regards to the 1820 Tallmadge Amendment debate, which sought to limit slavery in Missouri as it became a state. King appealed to the now fading Revolutionary sense of equality to attack slavery. He declared that all legal and otherwise attempts to uphold slavery were “absolutely void, because [they are] contrary to the law of nature, which is the law of God.” Though the amendment failed and Missouri became a slave state. King reflected the gradual ideological evolution of the Atlantic abolitionist movement. According to David Brion Davis, this may have been the first time anywhere in the world that a political leader openly attacked slavery’s perceived legality in such a radical manner. In fact, the impact of King’s declaration was such that Douglass R. Egerton even suggests a possible link of inspiration between King’s declaration in Congress and the controversial Denmark Vesey slave uprising of 1822.
[edit] Family
Many of King's family were also involved in politics and he had a number of prominent descendants. His brother William King was the first governor of Maine and a prominent merchant, and other brother Cyrus King was a U. S. Congressman. In 1786 he married Mary Alsop, the daughter of Congressman John Alsop, and their sons John Alsop King and James Gore King also went on to serve in the Congress. Another son, Charles King, was also President of Columbia College. His son Edward moved to Ohio and founded Cincinnati Law School. Youngest son Frederick became a well-respected physician.
King died in 1827 at his farm in Jamaica, Queens and is buried in the Grace Church Cemetery in Jamaica, Queens, New York. The home that King purchased in 1805 and expanded thereafter and some of his farm make up King Park in Queens. The home, called King Manor, is now a museum and is open to the public.
The Rufus King School, also known as P.S. 26, in Fresh Meadows, New York, was named after Rufus King, as was the Rufus King Hall on the CUNY Queens College campus.
[edit] References
- Arbena, Joseph L. "Politics or Principle? Rufus King and the Opposition to Slavery, 1785-1825." Essex Institute Historical Collections (1965) 101(1): 56-77. ISSN 0014-0953
- Perkins, Bradford ; The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795-1805 1955.
[edit] Primary sources
- King Charles R. The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, 4 vol 1893-97
[edit] External links
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- King Manor Museum website
- Historic House Trust of New York, King Manor Museum page
| Preceded by None |
United States Senator (Class 3) from New York 1789–1796 Served alongside: Philip Schuyler, Aaron Burr |
Succeeded by John Laurance |
| Preceded by Thomas Pinckney |
U.S. Minister to Great Britain 1796–1803 |
Succeeded by James Monroe |
| Preceded by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney(a) |
Federalist Party vice presidential candidate 1804 (lost), 1808 (lost) |
Succeeded by Jared Ingersoll |
| Preceded by John Smith |
United States Senator (Class 3) from New York 1813–1825 Served alongside: Obadiah German, Nathan Sanford, Martin Van Buren |
Succeeded by Nathan Sanford |
| Preceded by DeWitt Clinton |
Federalist Party presidential candidate 1816 (lost) |
Succeeded by (none) |
| Preceded by Richard Rush |
U.S. Minister to Great Britain 1825–1826 |
Succeeded by Albert Gallatin |
