Sarikoli language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sarikoli tujik ziv |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | China | |
| Total speakers: | approximately 20,500 (1990) | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Eastern Southeastern Pamir Sarikoli |
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| Writing system: | Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | -- | |
| ISO 639-2: | -- | |
| ISO 639-3: | srh | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
The Sarikoli language (also Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by Tajiks in China. It is officially referred to in China as the "Tajik language"; however, it is actually from a different subgroup than the language which is official in Tajikistan.
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[edit] Nomenclature
Sarikoli is officially referred to as "Tajik" in China, as the ethnic group who speak it identify themselves as Tajiks and not Pamiris (just as their Wakhi brethren do in Pakistan); however, it is no more closely related to Tajik as spoken in Tajikistan (a Western Iranian language) than the other Pamir languages.[1] It is also referred to as Tashkorghani,[2] after the ancient capital of the Sarikoli kingdom (now a county of Xinjiang); however, this usage is not widespread among scholars.
The earliest written accounts in English, from the 1870s, generally use the name "Sarikoli".[3]
[edit] Distribution of speakers
The number of speakers is in the tens of thousands; most reside in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in southern Xinjiang Province, China. Speakers in China typically use Uyghur and Chinese to communicate with people of other ethnic groups in the area. It is generally intercomprehensible with the related Wakhi language, also the mother tongue of a minority of Tajiks in China.[4]
[edit] Orthography
The language has no official written form in China. Gawarjon, publishing in China, used IPA to transcribe the sounds of Sarikoli in his book and dictionary,[1][5] while Pakhalina, publishing in Russia, used the Cyrillic alphabet in hers.[6][7]
[edit] Phonology
[edit] Vowels
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[edit] Consonants
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[edit] Stress
Most words receive stress on the last syllable; however, a minority receive stress on their first syllable. Also, several noun declensions and verb inflections regularly place stress on their first syllable, including the imperative and interrogative.[1]
[edit] Vocabulary
The Sarikoli lexicon is quite close to those of other Eastern Iranian languages, and exhibits some similarities and some differences with Western Iranian languages such as Persian or Tajik.
| English gloss | Persian | Tajik | Shughni | Sarikoli | Wakhi | Avestan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| son | pisær (پسر) | pisar (писар) | puts | pɯts | putr | putra |
| fire | atiʃ (اتش) | otaʃ (оташ) | joːts | juts | rɯχnig | âtar |
| water | ab (اب) | ob (ов) | xats | xats | jupk | aiwyô, ap |
| hand | dæst (دست) | dast (даѕт) | ðust | ðɯst | ðast | zasta |
| foot | pa (پا) | po (по) | poːð | peð | pɯð | pad |
| tooth | dændan (دندان) | dandon (дандон) | ðinðʉn | ðanðun | ðɯnðɯk | ? |
| eye | tʃæʃm (چشم) | tʃaʃm (чашм) | tsem | tsem | tʂəʐm | cashman |
| horse | æsb (اسب) | asp (асп) | voːrdʒ | vurdʒ | jaʃ | aspa |
| cloud | æbr (ابر) | abr (абр) | abri | varm | mur | ? |
| wheat | gændum (گندم) | gandum (гандум) | ʒindam | ʒandam | ɣɯdim | ? |
| meat | gʉʃt (گوشت) | gʉʃt (гушт) | guːxt | gɯxt | guʂt | ? |
| many | bisjar (بسيار) | bisjor (бисйор) | bisjoːr | pɯr | təqi | paoiri, paoirîsh, pouru |
| high | bulænd (بلند) | baland (баланд) | biland | bɯland | bɯland | berezô, berezañt |
| far | dʉr (دور) | dur (дур) | ðar | ðar | ðir | dûra, dûrât |
| good | χʉb (خوب) | χub (хуб) | χub | tʃardʒ | baf | vohu |
| small | χurd (خرد) | χurd (хурд) | dzul | dzɯl | dzɘqlai | ? |
| to say | guft (گفت) | guft (гуфт) | lʉvd | levd | xɘnak | aoj-, mrû-, sangh- |
| to do | kærd (كرد) | kard (кард) | tʃiːd | tʃeig | tsɘrak | kar- |
| to see | did (ديد) | did (дид) | wiːnt | wand | wing | dî- |
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1985). Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House.
- ^ Rudelson, Justin Jon (January 2005). Lonely Planet Central Asia Phrasebook: Languages Of The Silk Road. Lonely Planet Publications.
- ^ Shaw, Robert (1876). "On the Ghalchah Languages (Wakhi and Sarikoli)". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal XIV.
- ^ Wurm, Stephen; Peter Mühlhäusler, Darrell Tryon (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p823.
- ^ Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1996). 塔吉克汉词典 (Tǎjíkè-Hàn Cìdiǎn). Sichuan: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House.
- ^ Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (1966). The Sarikoli Language (Сарыкольский язык/Sarykol'skij Jazyk). Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
- ^ Pakhalina, Tatiana N. (1971). Sarikoli-Russian Dictionary (Сарыкольско-русский словарь/Sarykol'sko-russkij slovar'). Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR.
[edit] See also
- Bolgar language, an extinct language with some lexical similarities to Sarikoli.
[edit] External links
| Iranian Languages | |||
| Eastern Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Avestan † | Scythian (including Saka)† | Sogdian† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Bactrian† | Khwarezmian† | Khotanese† (possibly a Saka dialect) | Ossetic | Sacian† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Bartangi | Hidukush Group | Ishkashmi | Karakoram Group | Khufi | Munji | Oroshori | New Ossetic | Parachi | Pashto | Roshani (Roshni) | Sanglechi | Sarikoli | Shughni | Wakhi | Vanji † | Waziri | Yaghnobi | Yidgha | Yazgulami | Zebaki | ||
| Western Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Median† | Old Persian (Aryan)† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Parthian Pahlavi† | Sasanian Pahlavi† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Alviri (Vidâri) | Ashtiani | Azari† | Baluchi | Bashkardi | Central Iran | Persian Dari | Dari (Zoroastrian) | Gilaki | Gorani | Harzani | Judeo-Persian | Kurdish Kurmanji | Laki | Luri | Bakhtiari Lori | Mazandarani | Ormuri | Sangsari | Parachi | New-Persian | Sorani (Kurdish) | Tajik | Taleshi | Tat | Tati | Vafsi | Zazaki | ||
| Extinct † | |||
| Indo-Iranian languages | |
|---|---|
| Indic (Indo-Aryan) | Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit · Prakrit: Pāli - Magadhi · Mitanni · Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) · Hindustani (Registers: Hindi, Urdu) · Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Dhivehi · Dogri · Gujarati · Konkani · Mahl · Maithili · Marathi · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Romani · Sindhi · Sinhala |
| Iranian | Eastern: Avestan · Bactrian · Pamir (Shughni, Sarikoli, Wakhi) · Pashto · Scythian - Ossetic · Sogdian - Yaghnobi · Western: Persian: Old Persian - Middle Persian (Pahlavi) - Modern Persian (Varieties: Farsi, Dari, Tajik) · Bukhori · Balochi · Dari (Zoroastrianism) · Gilaki · Kurdish · Luri · Mazandarani · Talysh · Tat · Zazaki |
| Dardic | Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Pashayi · Palula · Shina · Shumashti |
| Nuristani | Askunu · Kamkata-viri · Tregami · Vasi-vari · Waigali |
