Schools of Buddhism
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The Schools of Buddhism. An extensive list of historical schools is given below according to lineage. Surviving schools can be roughly grouped under the categories of Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. Theravāda and Mahāyāna share common methods as sutric schools, while Vajrayāna can be seen as a tantric school.
Most of the sects encourage followers to adhere to certain practices and philosophies, some shared, some unique to the particular school.
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[edit] Nikaya schools
See also: Early Buddhist schools
- Sthaviravāda
- Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
- Sarvāstivāda
- Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
- Theravāda (c. 240 BCE)
- Theravada subschools (see below)
- Mahīśāsaka (after 232 BCE)
- Dharmaguptaka (after 232 BCE)
- Kāśyapīya (after 232 BCE)
- Vatsīputrīya (under Aśoka) later name: Saṃmitīya
- Dharmottarīya
- Bhadrayānīya
- Sannāgarika
- Theravāda (c. 240 BCE)
- Mūlasarvāstivāda (third and fourth centuries)
- Sautrāntika (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
- Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
- Mahāsaṃghika ('Majority', c. 380 BCE)
- Ekavyahārikas (under Aśoka)
- Golulika (during Aśoka)
- Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE)
- Prajñaptivāda (late third century BCE)
- Cetiyavāda
- Caitika (mid-first century BCE)
- Apara Śaila
- Uttara Śaila
[edit] Twenty sects
The following lists the twenty sects described as Hinayana in some Mahayana texts:
Sthaviravada (上座部) was split into 11 sects. These were:
- 說一切有部(Sarvastivadin)、雪山部(Haimavata)、犢子部(Vatsiputriya)、法上部 (Dharmottara)、賢冑部(Bhadrayaniya)、正量部(Sammitiya)、密林山部(Channagirika)、化地部 (Mahisasaka)、法藏部(Dharmaguptaka)、飲光部(Kasyapiya)、經量部(Sautrantika).
Sthaviravada─┬─ Haimavata──────────────────────────────────────────── └─ Sarvastivadin─┬─────────────────────────────────── ├ Vatsiputriya ─┬──────────────────── │ ├ Dharmottara─────── │ ├ Bhadrayaniya───── │ ├ Sammitiya──────── │ └ Channagirika───── ├ Mahisasaka─┬───────────────────── │ └ Dharmaguptaka────── ├ Kasyapiya──────────────────────── └ Sautrantika──────────────────────
Mahasanghika (大眾部) was split into 9 sects. There were:
- 一說部(Ekavyaharaka)、說出世部(Lokottaravadin)、雞胤部 (Kaukkutika)、多聞部(Bahussrutiya)、說假部(Prajnaptivada)、制多山部(Caitika)、西山住部 (Aparasaila)、北山住部(Uttarasaila).
Mahasanghika─┬──────────────────────┬───── ├ Ekavyaharaka ├ Caitika ├ Lokottaravadin ├ Aparasaila ├ Kaukkutika └ Uttarasaila ├ Bahussrutiya └ Prajnaptivada
[edit] Influences on East Asian schools
The following later schools used the Vinaya of the Dharmaguptaka:
- Chinese Vinaya School
- Korean Gyeyul
- Japanese Ritsu
- The Japanese Jojitsu is considered an offshoot of Sautrantika
- The Chinese/Japanese Kusha school is considered an offshoot of Sarvastivada, influenced by Vasubandhu.
[edit] Theravada subschools
The different schools in Theravada often emphasize different aspects (or parts) of the Pali Canon and the later commentaries, or differ in the focus on (and recommended way of) practice. There are also significant differences in strictness or interpretation of the Vinaya.
- Bangladesh:
- Burma:
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Shwekyin Nikaya
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Sri Lanka:
- Siam Nikaya
- Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
- Amarapura Nikaya
- Kanduboda (or Swejin Nikaya)
- Tapovana (or Kalyanavamsa)
- Ramañña Nikaya
- Galduwa (or Kalyana Yogashramaya Samsthava)
- Delduwa
- Siam Nikaya
- Thailand
[edit] Mahāyāna schools
- Madhyamaka
- Yogācāra
- Tathagatagarbha
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed in to Huayan)
- Huayan (Avataṃsaka)
- Chan / Zen / Seon /Thien
- Pure Land (Amidism)
- Tiantai (Lotus Sutra School)
- Nichiren
- Vijñānavāda
[edit] Tantric schools
see also: Vajrayāna Subcategorised according to predecessors
- Tibetan Buddhism
- Nyingmapa
- New Bön (synthesis of Yungdrung Bön and Nyingmapa)
- Kadampa
- Sakyapa
- Gelukpa
- Kagyupa
- Shangpa Kagyu
- Rechung Kagyu
- Dagpo Kagyu
- Karma Kagyu (or Kamtshang Kagyu)
- Tsalpa Kagyu
- Baram Kagyu
- Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu)
- Taglung Kagyu
- Trophu Kagyu
- Drukpa Kagyu
- Martsang Kagyu
- Yerpa Kagyu
- Yazang Kagyu
- Shugseb Kagyu
- Drikung Kagyu
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- Rime movement (ecumenical movement)
- Japanese Mikkyo
[edit] See also
[edit] References
Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993). A Handbook of Tibetan Culture. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.. ISBN 1-57062-002-4.
Warder, A.K. (1970). Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
[edit] External links
- Mahayana vs. Theravada: a Multiform Comparison
- The Sects of the Buddhists by T.W. Rhys Davids, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1891. pp.409-422
- Sects & Sectarianism - The origins of Buddhist Schools
