Soranî
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Soranî (سۆرانی) is a group of Central Kurdish dialects and as such is part of the Iranian languages. Soranî belongs to the Kurmanji branch of dialects that make up the Kurdish language, and is most correctly referred to as Southern Kurmanji. It is spoken by a total of approximately 10 million people in Iraq and Iran. It is the most widespread speech form of Iraqi Kurds, and is the language of a plurality of Kurds in Eastern Kurdistan (also referred to as Iranian Kurdistan).
- In Iran: 60% of the Iranian Kurds. Located south of the Urmia Lake that stretches roughly to the city of Kermanshah.
- In Iraq: 55% of the Iraqi Kurds. Most of them in the vicinity of Hewlêr (Arbil) and Silêmanî (Sulaymaniyah).
Soranî is usually written in the Arabic script, from right to left, in contrast to the other main Kurdish language (or dialect), Kurmanji or Kurmancî, which is spoken mainly in Turkey and in all other parts of Kurdistan and is usually written in the Roman alphabet.
A line can be drawn to divide Soranî-speaking areas into a Persianized southeastern section and a more orthodox northwestern section, running from Bíjar to Kifrí, (See the map). The ergative construction in the Persianized Soranî has begun to disappear, while it is being retained in the non-Persianized northwestern section. Also, under the influence of Arabic and Neo-Aramaic languages, the northwest section of Soranî has acquired two fricative sounds (vocalized pharyngeal fricative 'ayn, and hâ), absent from other Kurdish languages, and in fact Indo-European languages.
Soranî is a recent labelling after the name of the former principality of Soran. In Silêmanî (Sulaymaniyah), the Ottoman Empire had created a secondary school (Rushdíye), the graduates from which could go to Istanbul to continue to study there. This allowed Soranî, which was spoken in Silémaní, to progressively replace Hewrami as the literary vehicle. Mackenzie writes that the present Kurdish standard called Soranî is in fact an idealized version of the Silêmanî dialect, which uses the phonemic system of the Píjhdar and Mukrî dialects. Objections have been made to the name Soranî on the grounds that the name of one dialect, Soranî, spoken in the region Soran should not be extended to cover a group of dialect (E. M. Rasul, Núserí Kurd, No. 4, Nov. 1971).
Following includes a traditional internal subdivisions of Soranî however nowadays due to media and communications most of them are regarded as an accent of standard Soranî:
- Mukrî:
Mukrî is what is spoken in south of Lake Urmia with Mehabad as its center including cities: Bokan, Sardasht, Piranshahr, Oshnowiya, Naxede. A region traditionally called Mukrian.
- Erdelanî
- Germíyanî
- Xoşnaw
- Píjhder
- Pîranî
- Wermawe
- Hewlêrî
Hewlêrî is spoken around and/or in the city of Hewlêr (Arbil) in Iraqi Kurdistan. Its main particularity is changing consonant /l/ into /r/ in many words.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Hassanpour, Dr. A. (1992). Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918 - 1985. USA: Mellen Research University Press.
- Nebez, Jemal (1976). Toward a Unified Kurdish Language.
- Izady, Prof. M. (1992). The Kurds. A Concise Handbook. USA: Dep. of Near Easter Languages and Civilization Harvard University.
[edit] External links
| Iranian Languages | |||
| Eastern Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Avestan † | Scythian (including Saka)† | Sogdian† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Bactrian† | Khwarezmian† | Khotanese† (possibly a Saka dialect) | Ossetic | Sacian† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Bartangi | Hidukush Group | Ishkashmi | Karakoram Group | Khufi | Munji | Oroshori | New Ossetic | Parachi | Pashto | Roshani (Roshni) | Sanglechi | Sarikoli | Shughni | Wakhi | Vanji † | Waziri | Yaghnobi | Yidgha | Yazgulami | Zebaki | ||
| Western Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Median† | Old Persian (Aryan)† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Parthian Pahlavi† | Sasanian Pahlavi† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Alviri (Vidâri) | Ashtiani | Azari† | Baluchi | Bashkardi | Central Iran | Persian Dari | Dari (Zoroastrian) | Gilaki | Gorani | Harzani | Judeo-Persian | Kurdish Kurmanji | Laki | Luri | Bakhtiari Lori | Mazandarani | Ormuri | Sangsari | Parachi | New-Persian | Sorani (Kurdish) | Tajik | Taleshi | Tat | Tati | Vafsi | Zazaki | ||
| Extinct † | |||
