النظريات العلمية المستبدلة

من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة

النظريات العلمية المستبدلة هي النظريات العلمية التي كانت مقبولة في مرحلة من المراحل ضمن أحد العلوم لكن لسبب ما تم استبدالها بنظرية أخرى :

فهرست

[تحرير] نظريات حيوية مستبدلة

Giraffes are often invoked in explanations of Lamarck's superseded theory of evolution. In Lamarckism, a giraffe is able to lengthen its neck over its life time, for example by stretching to reach higher leaves, and subsequently have an offspring with a longer neck. The theory has been superseded by the understanding of natural selection as the primary mechanism of evolution.
Giraffes are often invoked in explanations of Lamarck's superseded theory of evolution. In Lamarckism, a giraffe is able to lengthen its neck over its life time, for example by stretching to reach higher leaves, and subsequently have an offspring with a longer neck. The theory has been superseded by the understanding of natural selection as the primary mechanism of evolution.
  • Lamarckism challenged by Darwinian evolution, but revitalised in Neo-Lamarckism - see also epigenetic inheritance
  • Maternal impression - rendered obsolete by genetic theory, but see fetal origins of adult disease
  • Miasma theory of disease - rendered obsolete by germ theory of disease
  • Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)
  • Recapitulation theory - or "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"

[تحرير] نظريات كيميتئية مستبدلة

  • Caloric theory
  • Phlogiston theory - replaced by Lavoisier's work on oxidation
  • Part of Dalton's law
  • Vital essence theory

[تحرير] نظريات فيزيائية مستبدلة

  • Aristotelian theory of gravity - discredited by Galileo
  • Classical mechanics - superseded by general relativity (on large scales) and quantum mechanics (on small scales)
  • Classical electrodynamics - superseded by quantum electrodynamics
  • Aether - failed to be detected by the Michelson-Morley experiment, made obsolete by Einstein's work.
  • Caloric theory - Lavoisier's successor to phlogiston, obsolesced by Rumford's and Joule's work
  • Emitter theory - another now-obsolete theory of light propagation.
  • Persistence of vision - is being debated by investigative psychologists.
  • Progression of atomic theory
  • Plum pudding model of the atom - assuming the protons and electrons were mixed together in a single mass
  • Rutherford solar system model of the atom with an impenetrable nucleus orbitted by electrons.
  • Bohr model with quantized orbits
  • Electron cloud model following the invention of Quantum Mechanics in 1925 and the eventual atomic orbital models derived from the quantum mechanical solution to the hydrogen atom.

[تحرير] نظريات فلكية و كونية مستبدلة

  • Ptolemaic system/Geocentric universe - obsoleted by Copernicus and Galileo
  • Copernican system - obsoleted by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton
  • Newtonian gravity - obsoleted by general relativity

[تحرير] نظريات جغرافية و مناخية مستبدلة

  • الأرض المنبسطة
  • The Open Polar Sea, an ice-free sea once supposed to surround the North Pole
  • Rain follows the plow - the theory that human settlement increases rainfall in arid regions (only true to the extent that crop fields evapotranspirate more than barren wilderness)

[تحرير] نظريات جيولوجية مستبدلة

[تحرير] نظريات طبية مستبدلة

  • Theory of the four bodily humours
  • Eclecticism (medicine) - medical history - Some say it transformed into homeopathy and pseudoscience.

[تحرير] فروع علمية مستبدلة

  • خيمياء, أدت لاحفا إلى كيمياء
  • علم الأبراج, تطور إلى علم الفلك
  • Phrenology, was once widely studied but now considered a pseudoscience
  • علم الأعداد, يعتبر حاليا من ضمن العلوم الكاذبة

[تحرير] نظريات تقريبية

هي نظريات لا تعتبر أنها تشكل تمثير دقيقيا للواقع أو توضيفا ممتازا لشرح نتائج التجارب لكن تبقى مقبولة في فروع و نطاقات معينة :

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