Getalu Brytiscra Þēodcyninga

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This is a list of Brytiscra Þēodcyninga, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely:

• England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707;
• Scotland up to 1707;
• The Kingdom of Great Britain (when England & Scotland united in 1707);
• The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (when Great Britain and Ireland united in 1801)
• The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The UK after the Irish Free State was formed and became a separate kingdom in the 1920s).

Since 1559 English monarchs have had the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

In 1328, on the death of the French king, Charles IV, Edward III (nephew of the Charles IV) claimed the French throne. British monarchs then styled themselves "King/Queen of France" until the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. By then France had been a republic for ten years.

For the small kingdoms which existed prior to the formation of England, Scotland or Wales, see:

• Mythical British Kings
• Brytenwealda
• List of rulers of Wales
• Kings of the Picts
• Kings of Dalriada
• Kings of Strathclyde
• Cyningas þǣre Mannīege and þāra Īega
• Cyningas þǣre Mannīege
• Cyningas Éast-Englena
• Cyningas Éast-Seaxna
• Cyningas Centes
• Cyningas Súþ-Seaxna
• Cyningas West-Seaxna
• Cyningas Miercna
• Cyningas Norþhymbrena

[ādihtan] Complications over Title and Style

Royal titles are also complicated because in some cases, names of kingdoms are used that did not officially come into existence until later, or came into existence earlier without immediate adoption of the royal title.

• For example, in October 1604, one year after James VI of Scotland had become king of England, he decreed that the Royal Title would use the term 'Great Brittaine' to refer to the "one Imperiall Crowne" made up of England and Scotland. However the 'state' of Great Britain was only created in the Act of Union 1707. Nor was the united crown generally referred to as 'imperial'. Furthermore, monarchs continued to use ordinals attached to the two previous kingdoms, for instance James VII/II. To avoid confusion, historians in general thus refer to all monarchs up to 1707 as monarchs of 'England' and 'Scotland' (so explaining their two ordinals where they existed), with the monarch's title at all times accurately following the 'official' name or names of the state or states they reigned over, where it differed from the official royal title. (Hence though many English and British monarchs claimed 'France' as part of their official title, that had no reality in substance, so it isn't used.) After the Union, the ordinal has either been the English number, or the greater of the two numbers - the results have been the same and there is no formal rule.
  
  
• In different documents, the terms 'Kingdom of Great Britain' and 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' feature, even documents as official as the Act of Union 1707. Most historians presume the 'United' was meant to be descriptive (indicating a union as a form of unity by marriage rather than coercion). For clarity and because the 'United' is far more strongly associated with the later name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland produced in the Act of Union 1800, the 1707 kingdom is generally referred to as the Kingdom of Great Britain.
  
  
• Similarly, though the Irish Free State ceased to be part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1922, neither the full name of the United Kingdom nor the royal title was changed until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927. In this instance historians generally retrospectively date the coming into being of the modern United Kingdom to December 1922, even though in this case the formal change did not occur for another five years.

The list of monarchs below cannot be exhaustive. For succession to the many thrones often did not pass smoothly from parent to child; lack of heirs, civil wars, murders and invasions affected the inheritance in ways that a simple list does not show. The relationships that formed the basis for claims to throne are noted where we know them, and the dates of reign indicated.

[ādihtan] Monarchs

Monarchs of England Monarchs of Scotland Nama Reign Notes Þá Seaxe Offa 757-796   Ecgbryht 802-839   Æðelwulf 839-856 Ecgbryhtes sunu Ǽðelbald 856-860 Æðelwulfes sunu Æðelbryht 860-865 Æðelwulfes sunu Æðelréd I 865-871 Æðelwulfes sunu Ælfréd se Gréata 871-899 Æðelwulfes sunu Éadweard I se Ieldra 899-924 Ælfrédes sunu Æðelweard 924 Éadweardes sunu Æðelstán 925-940 Éadweardes sunu Éadmund I 939-946 Éadweardes sunu Éadréd 946-955 Éadwardes sunu Éadwíg 955-959 Éadmundes sunu Éadgár the Peaceful 959-975 Éadmundes sunu St Éadweard II se Martyr 975-978 Éadgáres sunu Æðelréd II, éac geháten Æðelréd Æðeling 978-1013 1014-1016 Éadgáres sunu Éadmund II 1016 Ethelred II's son Þá Deniscan Cyningas For a period of time, both the Saxons and the Danish claimed the English throne. Sweyn Forkbeard 1013-1014   Canute the Great 1016-1035 Sweyn's son Harold I 1035-1040 Canute's illegitimate son Harthacanute 1040-1042 Canute's son The Saxon Restoration St Edward III the Confessor 1042-1066 Ethelred II's son Harold II 1066-1066 Edward the Confessor's brother-in-law Éadgár Æðeling 1066-1066 Grandson of Edmund Ironside The Normans After the Norman Conquest in 1066, numbering of kings (a French tradition applied to the Saxons only by historians) begins anew, although this affects only the Edwards. William I 1066-1087 known as William the Conqueror William II 1087-1100 William I's son Henry I 1100-1135 William I's son Stephen 1135-1154 William I's grandson The Angevins or Plantagenets The Royal House name changed to reflect Matilda's marriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet. Matilda (Empress Maud) 1141 Henry I's daughter Henry II 1154-1189 Matilda's son Richard I"Lionheart" 1189-1199 Henry II's son Monarchs of England and Ireland In 1199, John, already Lord of Ireland, inherited the English throne. The title "Lord of Ireland" was used until it was replaced by "King of Ireland" in 1542. John "Lackland" 1199-1216 Henry II's son Henry III 1216-1272 John's son Éadweard I 1272-1307 Henry III's son Éadweard II 1307-1327 Edward I's son Éadweard III 1327-1377 Éadweardes II sunu Richard II 1377-1399 Éadweardes III grandson The House of Lancaster Henry Bolingbroke deposed Richard II, and the Royal House name came to reflect Henry's father's title, Duke of Lancaster. Henry IV 1399-1413 Edward III's grandson Henry V 1413-1422 Henry IV's son Henry VI 1422-1461 Henry V's son The House of York The Houses of Lancaster and York had fought the Wars of the Roses, and the Yorkists took the throne. Edward IV 1461-1483 Edward III's great-great-grandson Edward V 1483 Edward IV's son Richard III 1483-1485 Edward IV's brother The House of Tudor The Lancastrian Henry Tudor reclaimed the throne from the Yorkists. Henry VII 1485-1509 Edward III's great-great-grandson Henry VIII 1509-1547 Henry VII's son Edward VI 1547-1553 Henry VIII's son Lady Jane Grey 1553 Henry VII's great-granddaughter Mary I 1553-1558 Henry VIII's daughter Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Henry VIII's daughter Name Reign Notes The House of Alpin Kenneth I 843-858   Donald I 858-862 Kenneth I's brother Constantine I 862-877 Kenneth I's son Aedh 877-878 Kenneth I's son Eochaid 878-889 Aedh's nephew Jointly with Giric Giric 878-889 Aedh's first cousin Jointly with Eochaid Donald II 889-900 Constantine I's son Constantine II 900-943 Aedh's son Malcolm I 943-954 Donald II's son Indulf 954-962 Constantine II's son Dubh 962-966 Malcolm I's son Culen 966-971 Indulf's son Kenneth II 971-995 Malcolm I's son Constantine III 995-997 Culen's son Kenneth III 997-1005 Dubh's son Malcolm II 1005-1034 Kenneth II's son Duncan I 1034-1040 Malcolm II's grandson Macbeth 1040-1057 Malcolm II's grandson Lulach 1057-1058 Kenneth III's grandson The House of Dunkeld Malcolm III 1058-1093 Duncan I's son Donald III 1093-1094 1094-1097 Duncan I's son Duncan II 1094 Malcolm III's son Edgar 1097-1107 Malcolm III's son Alexander I 1107-1124 Malcolm III's son David I 1124-1153 Malcolm III's son Malcolm IV 1153-1165 David I's grandson William I 1165-1214 David I's grandson Alexander II 1214-1249 William I's son Alexander III 1249-1286 Alexander II's son Margaret 1286-1290 Alexander III's granddaughter The House of Balliol When Margaret died, there was no clear heir. King Edward I of England took over and installed a puppet, John Balliol. John Balliol 1292-1296 David I's great-great-great-grandson The House of Bruce When John Balliol rebelled, the Wars of Scottish Independence commenced, during which Robert the Bruce became King. Robert I 1306-1329 David I's great-great-great-great-grandson David II 1329-1371 Robert I's son The House of Balliol For a period of time, both Edward Balliol and David II claimed the throne. Edward Balliol 1332-1338 John Balliol's son The House of Stuart When Robert Stewart took over, the Royal House name was changed to Stuart (the French spelling of Stewart). Robert II 1371-1390 Robert I's grandson Robert III 1390-1406 Robert II's son James I 1406-1437 Robert III's son James II 1437-1460 James I's son James III 1460-1488 James II's son James IV 1488-1513 James III's son James V 1513-1542 James IV's son Mary I 1542-1567 James V's daughter James VI 1567-1625 Mary I's son Monarchs of England, Scotland and Ireland In 1603, James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I. From then until 1707, England, Scotland and Ireland had shared monarchs. The House of Stuart Name Reign Notes James I (England) James VI (Scotland) 1603-1625 Henry VII of England's great-great-grandson Mary of Scotland's son Charles I 1625-1649 James I's son The Commonwealth and Protectorate There was no King between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the Restoration in 1660. The nation's rulers were known as Lords Protector. Name Reign Notes Oliver Cromwell 1653-1658   Richard Cromwell 1658-1659 Oliver Cromwell's son Monarchs of England, Scotland and Ireland In 1659, Richard Cromwell abdicated. Anarchy existed until the Stuart Restoration in 1660. The House of Stuart Name Reign Notes Charles II 1660-1685 Charles I's son James II (England) James VII (Scotland) 1685-1689 Charles I's son Mary II 1689-1694 James II's daughter Jointly with William III William III (England) William II (Scotland) 1689-1702 Mary II's husband Jointly with his wife Anne 1702-1707 James II's daughter Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland In 1707, the Act of Union combined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. The House of Stuart Name Reign Notes Anne 1707-1714 James II's daughter The House of Hanover Under the Act of Settlement, descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, as the closest Protestant relatives of Anne, became entitled to the throne, and the Royal House name was changed when George, Elector of Hanover became King. George I 1714-1727 James I's great-grandson George II 1727-1760 George I's son George III 1760-1801 George II's grandson <td