Al-Aqsa Mosque
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- For the nearby structure, see Dome of the Rock
Al-Aqsa Mosque (The Farthest Mosque) (Arabic: المسجد الاقصى, [IPA /'ælmæsʤıd ælæqəsɒː/, Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa ), commonly refers to the southern congregational mosque that is part of the complex of religious buildings in Jerusalem known as Al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary) to Arabs and Muslims, although the whole area of the Noble Sanctuary is considered Al-Aqsa Mosque according to Islamic law. [1][2] It is known as Har ha-Bayit (the Temple Mount) to Jews and Christians. It is located in East Jerusalem, a disputed territory governed as part of Israel since its annexation in 1967 but claimed by the Palestinian Authority as part of a future State of Palestine. The largest and most ancient[citation needed] mosque in Palestine, its congregation building can accommodate about 5,000 people worshipping inside it, while the whole Al-Aqsa Mosque compound area may accommodate hundreds of thousands.[3] The government of Israel has granted a Muslim Council, Waqf, full administration of the site. Since the beginning of the Al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000, non-Muslims are barred from entering the site. [8]
The congregation building of Al-Aqsa Mosque is referred to as Jami al-Masjid al-Aqsa or al-Masjid al-Qibli. The term al-Masjid Al-Aqsa proper is the general and oldest name for the precinct of al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif. The name al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif was coined later by the Mamluks.[4][5][6]
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[edit] Origin of name
The name "Al-Aqsa Mosque" translates to "the farthest mosque" ("the remote mosque" according to some translations, such as that of Muhammad Asad), or 'The End' and is associated with the Isra and Mi'raj, a journey, Muslims believe was made around 621 by the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (c. 570-632) on the winged steed Buraq, which was brought to him by the Archangel Gabriel. This is often referred to in English as Muhammad's "night journey". According to Qur'anic verse, Muhammad took the journey in a single night from "the sacred mosque" (in Mecca) to "the farthest mosque" (al-Masjid al-Aqsa). From a rock there, Muhammad ascended to heaven, accompanied by Gabriel, touring heaven and receiving the commandments, including the five daily prayers, before returning to Earth and back to Mecca to communicate them to the faithful.
The hadith narrator Imam Muslim reports that the Prophet's companion Anas ibn Malik mentions that the Prophet said:
| “ |
I came to the Buraq, I rode it until we arrived at Bayt al-Maqdis. I tied it to where the Prophets tie, then I entered the mosque I prayed two Rakaah, and then ascended to the heavens. |
” |
This story was to become the raison d'être for Islam's two most important shrines in Jerusalem, al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock, and the driving force behind Muslim ambitions to rule the city to this day.
In this regard, the leading Muslim scholar Ibn Taymiyah reports:
| “ |
al-Masjid al-Aqsa is a name that refers to the whole area of the masjid that was built by Suleiman Peace Be Upon him. Some people today use the term to refer to the prayer house built by Umar bin al-Khattab at the front of this area... When Umar asked Kaab: Where to build a prayer house for the Muslims. Kaab replied: behind the Rock. Umar said: No, but I will build it in front of the Rock because we always pray at the front of mosques. Therefore, Imams usually if they enter the masjid area, they gather people and stand to lead the prayers in the house built by Umar. |
” |
The muslims scholar al Tabari reports in Tarikh al-Tabari:
| “ |
Umar Ibn al-Khattab asked Kaab: Where should we pray? He said: towards the Rock. Umar replied: Oh, Kaab! You are glorifying Judaism. But I will make the Qibla of this masjid at its front just like the Prophet of Allah made the Qibla of all our masajid at its front.[7] |
” |
Regarding the name, other sources mention the following:
| “ | Originally the term al-Masjid al-Aqsa was used to refer to the whole area of al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif with all what it holds from establishments including the Dome of the Rock built by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in 72 Hijri/691 A.D., which is considered among the most notable Islamic structures. Today, the term al-Masjid al-Aqsa is also used to refer to the large Mosque in the southern part of al-Haram al-Qudsi".[8] "The Dome of the Rock structure resides at the heart of al-Masjid al-Aqsa, in the southeaster part of the Old City of Jerusalem, which is wide rectangular area extending 480 meters from the north to the south, and from the east to the west about 300 meters. This area constitutes what is almost fifth of the Old City."[9] | ” |
[edit] Islamic Background
According to the teachings of Islam, God in the Qur'an used the word Mosque when referring to the sites established by Abraham and his progeny as houses of worship to God centuries before the revelation of the Qur'an. The first of these spots is Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and the second is Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Before Mecca and Jerusalem came under Muslim control in 630 to 638, the site of the Kaaba, which was established by Abraham and Ishmael but at the time of Muhammad was used by pagans. In Jerusalem the site of Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was under Roman Empire, was an abandoned and abused area by the Romans but on which a house of worship established originally by Jacob forty years after his grandfather Abraham established the Kaaba and was used by succeeding prophets like David, Solomon, and Zacharias.
The Qur'an mentions a mosque referred to as the “remote mosque” once, while ambiguously referring the Jewish Temple four other times, however these passages do not attribute any holiness to the actual site. Hadith mentions Al-Aqsa Mosque a few times.
[edit] Qur'an
| “ | So her Lord accepted her (i.e. Mary) with a good acceptance and made her grow up a good growing, and gave her into the charge of Zakariya; whenever Zakariya entered the sanctuary (i.e. Jewish Temple) to (see) her, he found with her food. He said: O Marium! whence comes this to you? She said: It is from Allah. Surely Allah gives to whom He pleases without measure. | „ |
| “ | Then the angels called to him as he stood praying in the sanctuary (i.e. Jewish Temple): That Allah gives you the good news of Yahya verifying a Word from Allah, and honorable and chaste and a prophet from among the good ones. | „ |
| “ | Glory be to Him Who made His servant (Muhammad) to go on a night from the Sacred Mosque to the remote mosque of which We have blessed the precincts, so that We may show to him some of Our signs; surely He is the Hearing, the Seeing. | „ |
| “ | If you (i.e. Israelites) do good, you will do good for your own souls, and if you do evil, it shall be for them. So when the second promise came (We raised another people) that they may bring you to grief and that they may enter the mosque (i.e. Jewish Temple) as they entered it the first time, and that they might destroy whatever they gained ascendancy over with utter destruction. | „ |
| “ | So he (i.e. Zakariya) went forth to his people (i.e. Israelites) from his place of worship (i.e. Jewish Temple), then he made known to them that they should glorify (Allah) morning and evening. | „ |
[edit] Hadith
[edit] Restoration of the Mosque site by Umar
Before Jerusalem came under the control of Muslims in 638, it was widely understood that al-Aqsa mosque is the same as David's sanctuary. When Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattāb was given the key to the city by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, he signed with him a treaty that is known as the "Covenant of Omar" and he later asked the Patriarch of Jerusalem to show him what Umar spelled out as "Masjid Dawood" (Mosque of David). This was called David's sanctuary or prayer niche (mihrab Dawud), in the Qur'an (38:21). David chose the site on which Solomon built his temple. It was an abandoned place and abused by the Romans and the Church at the time. The Patriarch took him to the door of the sanctuary which was almost blocked due to the trash that was placed at the door. Umar looked left and right and said: “Allah is Great, I swear by the one who holds my soul in his hand that this is the Mosque of David which the prophet of Allah described to us after his night journey.” The Caliph Umar started cleaning up the place. He asked Kaab al-Ahbar (كعب الأحبار), a Jewish Rabbi who had converted to Islam and came with Umar from Medina, to guide him to the place of the Rock. Umar used his cloths to remove the trash covering the Rock, and other Muslims did what Umar was doing. After cleaning up the place, Umar went to the al-Mihrab (a chamber inside the Mosque where the Imam usually stands) and started praying and reading Surat Sad from Quran.
[edit] Construction of the Mosque
- For the construction of the nearby structure, see Dome of the Rock
The term the farthest mosque is considered in Islamic tradition as the general name for the precinct of al-Haram al-Sharif ("The Noble Sacred Enclosure") in Jerusalem, as well as the specific name for the mosque located at its southern edge.
Umar wanted a place of prayer that did not infringe on nearby Christian and Jewish worship places. That place, to the south of the rock, was developed into a mosque. Sometime between 687-691, Caliph Abd al-Malik built a shrine over the sacred rock, and it was named Qubbat As-Sakhrah, which means "The Dome of the Rock." Some years later, in 709-715, Umayyad caliph al-Walid, son of Abd al-Malik, built, renovated, and expanded the mosque south of the Dome, and at this time called the mosque al-masjid al-aqsa, which means "the farthest mosque".
The contemporary congregational mosque of al-Aqsa is a result of different stages of construction and renovations. It is usually agreed upon that 'Abd al-Malik (685-705), the Umayyad Caliph who was the patron of the Dome of the Rock, started the construction of al-Aqsa Mosque at the end of the 7th century. A major building phase took place during the time of the caliphate of his son, al-Walid (709-715). The building suffered from several major earthquakes and was renovated and reconstructed during the Abbasid period by Caliph al-Mahdi (775-785) and possibly by Caliph al-Mansur (754-775).
A further reconstruction was executed during the Fatimid period, in the 11th century. During the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem the mosque was considered as Templum Salomonis (Royal Palace of Solomon) and it served as the palace of the Kings of Jerusalem and later as the dwelling place of the Knights Templars. At the same time the Dome of the Rock was regarded as the Templum Domini (The Temple of the Lord). Moreover, several major restorations are known to have taken place during the 14th and 20th century.
Damage from earthquakes in 1927 and 1936 necessitated an almost complete rebuilding of the mosque, in the process of which ancient sections of the original mosque were brought to light.
It has been modified several times to protect it from earthquakes, which sometimes occur in the area, and to adapt to the changing needs of the local population. The form of the present structure has remained essentially the same since it was reconstructed by the Khalif Al-Dhahir in 1033 AD. It is said that he did not alter it from the previous architecture except to narrow it on each side.
[edit] Modern significance
There have been times when Muslims worshiping at the mosque have thrown rocks downward at the Jews below at the Western Wall. Some groups such as the Temple Mount Faithful have also expressed a desire to rebuild the ancient Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount on which the Al Aqsa Mosque is standing.
In the morning of August 21, 1969, a fire at Masjid al-Aqsa, gutted the southeastern wing of the mosque. The fire destroyed a priceless one-thousand-year-old wood and ivory pulpit (minbar) that had been sent from Aleppo by Saladin. The "twin" of this minbar (Saladin had them both made at the same time) is still extant in the mosque at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron.
Michael Dennis Rohan, a tourist from Australia, was arrested for the arson attack on August 23, 1969. Rohan was a Protestant follower of an evangelical sect known as the Church of God. By his own admission, Rohan hoped to hasten the coming of the Messiah by burning down the al-Aqsa Mosque. Rohan told the court that he acted as "the Lord's emissary" on divine instructions, in accordance with the Book of Zechariah, and that he had tried to destroy the al-Aqsa Mosque in order to rebuild the Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount. He was hospitalized in a mental institution, found to be insane and was later deported from Israel.
The Al-Aqsa Intifada is named after the mosque (due to Ariel Sharon's controversial visit to the Temple Mount in September 2000), as are the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades.
Israeli authorities have foiled the terrorist organization Makhteret's plans to blow up the al-Aqsa Mosque, Makhteret is a branch of the right-wing Jewish organization Kach.
Some Muslims have accused Israel of weakening the walls of the mosque during archaeological excavations that began in 1967 and continue today. In response to concerns about the structure's stability, renovations are being carried out by the Islamic Waqf Foundation. Others claim that the Waqf are performing irresponsible excavations weakening the structures stability and destroying Temple Relics and other historical artifacts. [9] (Hebrew)
The Muslim Waqf is in charge of the Al Aqsa mosque, along with most of the important Muslim shrines in Israel.
The mosque consists today of a seven bay hypostyle hall with several additional small halls to the west and east of the southern section of the building. Unlike most hypostyle-style mosques, the building does not have a clearly delineated courtyard unless one considers the whole Haram as its court. It is capped with a silver dome, made of lead sheets, which together with the golden dome of the Dome of the Rock, formulate the icon of the Haram in Jerusalem.
[edit] First qibla
The historical significance of Al-Aqsa Mosque is further emphasised by the fact that Muslims used to turn towards Al-Haram al-Sharif when they prayed.
As it was the place at which Muhammad performed the first commanded prayer after Isra and Mi'raj, it became the qibla (direction) that Muslims faced during prayer and continued to be so for sixteen or seventeen months, 6:60:13. After a revelation recorded in the Qur'an the qibla was then turned towards Mecca:
| “ | We have seen you turning your face about the sky (searching for the right direction). We now assign a qibla that is pleasing to you. Henceforth, you shall turn your face towards the Sacred Mosque. Wherever you may be, all of you shall turn your faces towards it. Those who received the previous scripture, know that this is the truth from their Lord. God is never unaware of anything they do. Even if you show the followers of the scripture every kind of miracle, they will not follow your qibla. Nor shall you follow their qibla. They do not even follow each others qibla. If you acquiesce to their wishes, after the knowledge that has come to you, you will belong with the transgressors. | „ |
For this reason Al-Haram al-Sharif, including the Al-Aqsa Mosque, is known to Muslims as the "First of the Two Qiblas". Historians find the reason for the move to be the reluctance of the Jews of Medina to convert to his religion.[10]
The altering of the qibla was precisely the reason Caliph Umar, despite identifying the Rock upon his arrival at the Temple Mount in 638 neither prayed facing it nor built any structure upon it. This was because the significance of that particular spot on the Temple Mount was over in Islamic jurisprudence after the change of qibla event in Islamic ideology.
However, because of the holiness of Temple Mount itself, Caliph Umar did make a small mosque in the southern corner of its platform which initially was called "Mosque of Umar" and today is known as "Masjid Al-Aqsa", taking caution to avoid the Rock to come between the mosque and the direction of Kaaba so that Muslims would face only Mecca when they prayed.[10]
In another illustration of how significance of the “first qibla” was diminished in Islam, the following hadith states:
| “ | Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: People say, "Whenever you sit for answering the call of nature, you should not face the qibla or Bait-ul-Maqdis (Jerusalem)." I told them. "Once I went up the roof of our house and I saw Allah's Apostle answering the call of nature while sitting on two bricks facing Bait-ul-Maqdis (Jerusalem) [but there was a screen covering him]. ' (FatehAl-Bari, Page 258, Vol. 1).[11] | „ |
[edit] The importance of Al-Aqsa in Islam
- Masjid-al-Aqsa is one of the holiest sites in Islam because, it is where, according to Muslims, Abraham (the patriarch of the Abrahamic faiths) established his covenant with God and spread the teaching of monotheism. Muslims respect all the Prophets revered by Judaism and Christianity and their venerated places are also central to the ethos of Islam. Solomon was a prophet and revered by Muslims.
- Judaism belief in the Temple of Solomon (Haykal Sulaiman) as the Noble Sanctuary is coherent with the Islam believe in Masjid al-Aqsa because the literal meaning of masjid does not mean a building or any specific place. The word Masjid derived from the root word "Saa" "Jaa" "Daa" in arabic which means (to prostrate) (act of worship). In this case not only the Mosque of Umar is considered as Masjid al-Aqsa but the entire precinct too. Muslims belief that the Temple of Solomon meant by the Jews was a Masjid and not a temple because Islam believe that all prophet conveyed the same message and prostrated to God during prayers.
- It was the site where Muhammad ascended to heaven during Isra and Mi'raj. (The main place, however, where Muhammad received most revelations, including the first, was in the cave of Hira where he meditated frequently during the first forty years of his life.)
- The Mosque of Umar reminds all about the atrocity and devastation suffered by the inhabitant of Jerusalem during the Roman occupation. It also signifies freedom of religion achieved by Jews, Christians and Muslims a long time before.
- It was the first qibla, the second house of God after Kaabah in Mecca, and the third holiest site in Islam.
[edit] Second house of prayer established on Earth
Imam Muslim quotes Abu Dharr as saying:
- "I asked the beloved Prophet Muhammad which was the first "mosque" [i.e. house of prayer] on Earth?"
- "The Sacred House of Prayer (Masjid al-Haram), i.e. Kaaba)," he said.
- "'And then which', I asked?"
- "The Furthest House of Prayer (Masjid al Aqsa, i.e. Holy Temple)", he said.
- "I further asked, 'what was the time span between the two'?"
- "Forty years," Muhammad replied.
[edit] Third holiest mosque by its virtue
The Sahih Bukhari quotes Abu al-Dardaa as saying: "the Prophet of Allah Muhammad said a prayer in the Sacred Mosque (in Mecca) is worth 100,000 prayers; a prayer in my mosque (in Medina) is worth 1,000 prayers; and a prayer in al-Masjid al-Aqsa is worth 500 prayers more than in an any other mosque.
As part of another tradition, on the authority of Maimunah bint Sa’d, it is reported that, upon being asked about a person who is unable to travel to the Al-Aqsa Mosque he replied: "The Messenger of Allah (Muhammed) said, ‘He should make a gift of oil to be burnt therein, for he who gives a gift to the Al-Aqsa Mosque will be like one who has prayed Salaah (five daily ritual prayers of Islam) therein.’[12]
Shia Muslims reject the above Hadith, as they reject all Hadith narrated by Abu Huraira. Among Shia Muslims, the Tomb of Imam Ali is the third holiest site.
[edit] Location of the “farthest mosque”
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The "farthest mosque" in verse 17:1 of the Qur'an is traditionally interpreted by Muslims as referring to the site at the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem on which the mosque of that name now stands.This is also confirmed by a number of hadith in which the farthest mosque is explicitly mentioned as being in Jerusalem. According to this tradition, the term used for mosque, "masjid", literally means "place of prostration", and includes monotheistic places of worship such as Solomon's Temple, which in verse 17:7 (in the same sura) is described as a "masjid". Many Western historians regard this as the originally intended interpretation, for instance Heribert Busse[13] and Neal Robinson[14]
It has been also mentioned explicitly by Muhammad himself that his night Journey was toward Bayt al-Maqdis as narrated in this hadith:
However some disagree, arguing that at the time this verse of the Qur'an was recited (traditionally at around the year 621), many Muslims understood the phrase "furthest mosque" as a poetic phrase for either a mosque established as an exclusively Muslim place of worship - in existence during Muhammad’s lifetime - (such as Medina [11], Jirana,[15] or Kufa [12]), or a mosque in Heaven, or as a metaphor.
A number of factors are enumerated why they find it unlikely that this verse referred to a location in Jerusalem. [13][14]
- There were already two places that Muslim tradition of that time period called "the farthest mosque"; one was the mosque in Medina[16] and the other was the mosque in the town of Jirana, which Muhammed is said to have visited in 630.[17]
- Even over a century later, Islamic scholars continued to locate the "farthest mosque" with a site inside Arabia. For example, al-Waqidi in his 9th century book Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi (Book of History and Campaigns) preserved the tradition locating it in Jirana, which Muhammad visited in 630, about ten miles from Mecca.[18]
- No mosque existed in Jerusalem during Muhammad's lifetime. It was 6 years after Muhammad’s death that the Muslims conquered Jerusalem. Only then were the foundations of the mosque laid by the Second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattāb while he was in Jerusalem. The actual Mosque was completed by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and his son Al-Walid I, 68 years after Muhammad’s death.
- A passage from the biography of Umar ibn al-Khattāb states:
- The Patriarch of Jerusalem handed over the keys of the city of Jerusalem to Umar. The Muslims were now the masters of Jerusalem… As Umar entered the city he was greeted by the citizens with great enthusiasm. Umar said that he wanted to be led to some place where he could offer thanksgiving prayer to God. He was led to a church but refused to pray there on the ground that that would set a precedent for the Muslims of the following generations to forcibly convert churches into mosques... Umar stayed in Jerusalem for a few days…he founded a mosque at an elevated place in the city. This mosque came to be known as Umar's Mosque.
- The above passage informs us that there was no mosque in Jerusalem to pray in when Umar entered the city. He laid the foundation of the first ever mosque in Jerusalem.
- Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiya (638-700), a close relative of Muhammad, is quoted denigrating the notion that the prophet ever set foot on the Rock in Jerusalem: "these damned Syrians," by which he means the Umayyads, "pretend that God put His foot on the Rock in Jerusalem, though [only] one person ever put his foot on the Rock, namely Abraham."[15]
- Thus he asserts Muhammad never acended to heaven from the Rock in Jerusalem and that another location was indeed meant by the "farthest mosque".
- When Muslims finally did conquer and occupy Jerusalem, they are not known to have identified the Temple Mount with "the farthest mosque" until 715. According to A.L. Tibawi, a Palestinian historian, in 715 the Umayyads built a new mosque which they named al-masjid al-aqsa, or "farthest mosque"."[19]
- In October 2003 an Egyptian government-owned weekly questioned the sanctity of Jerusalem to Muslims, pointing out that the Prophet Muhammad never made the miraculous "night journey " to the city. According to Al-Qahira, which is published by the Egyptian Ministry of Culture, the two mosques on the Temple Mount were built only to divert the pilgrimage from Mecca in the context of political rivalry between Muslim leaders:
- When Abed al-Malik ibn Marwan became caliph and his rival Ibn al-Zubayr held control of Hejaz, he feared that the people would be inclined towards him [Ibn al-Zubayr] when they made pilgrimage [to Mecca], because the only way they could enter Mecca and Medina was with Ibn al- Zubayr's permission and under his control... Therefore, Abd al-Malik prevented people from making pilgrimage until [Ibn al-Zubayr was defeated and] the war ended. He began to build a large mosque in Jerusalem... It is from this point in time that some transmitters of traditions started to promote the religious significance of this mosque and turn it into the 'third to the two holy mosques' [of Mecca and Medina].
- The article written by Egyptian columnist Ahmed Arafeh rejects the established Islamic doctrine that Muhammad's celebrated night journey took him from Mecca to Jerusalem. He argues that the journey mentioned in the Quran's Surat al-Isra does not refer to a miraculous journey from Mecca to Jerusalem, but to the prophet's emigration from Mecca to Medina.[20]
- There is an opinion among some Muslim scholars that "the farthest mosque" in Qur'an actually points to the Temple of Solomon and not Masjid Al-Aqsa, which was built by Omer Bin Khattab (c. 581-644), the Muslim caliph who conquered Jerusalem in 638. However this had been destroyed many centuries earlier.[21]
- Even if Jerusalem was indeed intended, it was nevertheless a “miraculous” occurrence, raising doubts whether Muhammed had ever physically set foot in Jerusalem at all. This could be supported by the hadith which states:
- The Prophet said, "When the Quraish disbelieved me (concerning my night journey), I stood up in Al-Hijr (the unroofed portion of the Ka'ba) and Allah displayed Bait-ul-Maqdis (Jerusalem) before me, and I started to inform them (Quraish) about its signs while looking at it." 6:60:233
- It is widely believed amongst Muslims that the Night Journey was a physical journey of Muhammad, but some Islamic scholars consider it as a dream. They point to a verse in Qur'an: ...and We did not make the vision which We showed you but a trial for men... 17:60 and a hadith regarding the Night Journey in Sahih Bukhari: ...Allah's Apostle said, "O Moses! By Allah, I feel shy of returning too many times to my Lord." On that Gabriel said, "Descend in Allah's Name." The Prophet then woke while he was in the Sacred Mosque (at Mecca). 9:93:608. They argue that it was a mode of revelation for the Prophet in symbolic form for the guidance of the Muslim nation. This event also foretold Muslims that God would now raise Muslims up as a superpower and Jerusalem would soon fall into their hands, which happened indeed within less than three decades of this event.[22][23]
[edit] "Third holiest site"
Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are recognized as the three most important sites in Islam according to interpretations of scriptures in the Qur'an and hadith. Based on scriptural references, al-Aqsa Mosque is widely recognized as the third holiest site in Islam.[24] References to Jerusalem and events in it have been made more than seventy times in the Qur'an, in various states of ambiguity, and many times in the hadith.[25] The Temple Mount precinct is considered the holiest site in Judaism and thus this site is arguably the most contested religious site in the world. The Organization of the Islamic Conference, whose raison d'être is to "liberate Al Aqsa from the Zionist occupation", refers to the Al-Aqsa Mosque (in a resolution condemning Israeli actions in the city) as the third holiest site in Islam,[26] others believe that the use of the term "Third Holiest" is driven by political motives and that Al-Aqsa mosque is not the third holiest site. Rather, its, or any other substitute's selection, is based more on politics or the rise and expansion of a certain type of literary genre, known as al-Fadhail (history of cities) than religious theory.[27][28][29]
[edit] See also
- Temple Mount
- List of mosques
- Timeline of Islamic history
- Islamic architecture
- Islamic art
- Dispensational Christian end times views regarding Al-Aqsa Mosque
- Knights Templar
[edit] External links
- Noble Sanctuary: Al-Aqsa Mosque
- Muslim WikiPedia Al-Aqsa Mosque
- Report of the 1969 conflict
- Al-Aqsa Mosque Architectural Review
- 360° view of the inside of the Mosque by Visual Dhikr
- Jerusalem Photos Archive: Al-Aqsa Mosque
- History of Al-Aqsa: hWeb
- muslimphotos.net: Photos of Al-Aqsa Mosque
- Site surrounding the controversy over the excavations made by the Waqf
[edit] References and footnotes
- ^ Ibn Taymiyah, A Great Compilation of Fatwa, Vol2, page 62.
- ^ Palestinian Encyclopedia Volume 4, pp. 203
- ^ On December 31 1999, more than 400,000 Muslim worshiper attended the Friday Prayer at al-Aqsa Mosque compound [1]. See also [2] and [3]
- ^ Burguoyne . M.H.. Mamluk Jerusalem, London, 1987
- ^ Aref al-Aref, The Detailed in the History of Jerusalem, 1961, page 219.
- ^ Oleg Grabar, THE HARAM AL-SHARIF: AN ESSAY IN INTERPRETATION, BRIIFS vol. 2 no 2 (Autumn 2000) [4]
- ^ Tarikh al-Tabari, Chapter: Fath Bayt al-Maqdis
- ^ Palestinian Encyclopedia Volume 4, pp. 203
- ^ Palestinian Encyclopedia Volume 3, pp. 23
- ^ The History of Al-Tabri
- ^ See Holy Temple, Hebrew: בית המקדש, Bet HaMikdash
- ^ Hadith of Imam Ahmad and Majah
- ^ Heribert Busse, Jerusalem in the Story of Muhammad's Night Journey and Ascension, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 14 (1991): 1–40
- ^ N. Robinson, Discovering The Qur'ân: A Contemporary Approach To A Veiled Text, 1996, SCM Press Ltd: London, pg.192
- ^ al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi 9th century (Oxford UP, 1966, vol. 3, p. 958-9). Jirana, which Muhammad visited in 630, is about ten miles from Mecca.
- ^ Arthur Jeffrey, The Suppressed Quran Commentary of Muhammad Abu Zaid, Der Islam, 20 (1932):306)
- ^ Alfred Guillaume, Where Was Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa? Al-Andalus, (18) 1953: 323–36)
- ^ al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi 9th century (Oxford UP, 1966, vol. 3, p. 958-9).
- ^ A.L. Tibawi, Jerusalem: Its Place in Islam and Arab History, Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1969, pg. 9
- ^ / Jerusalem Post, October 7, 2003
- ^ Moiz Amjad, The Position of Jerusalem and the Bayet al-Maqdas in Islam, understanding-islam.com, Al-Mawrid Institute.[5];
- ^ Ascension of the Prophet (sws), Renaissance, Al-Mawrid Institute, Vol. 8, No. 7-8, July & August 1998.[6].
- ^ A Question on the Night Journey of the Prophet (pbuh) , understanding-islam.com, Al-Mawrid Institute.[7]
- ^ (1999-09-01) in Wendy Doninger, consulting ed.: Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster, 70. ISBN 0-877-79044-2. , reviewed on Google books
- ^ el-Khatib, Abdallah (May 1, 2001). "Jerusalem in the Qur'ān" (Abstract). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 28 (1): 25–53. "The third section deals with the verses which imply ambiguous, but likely references to the same [i.e. Jerusalem]. The fourth section deals with the verses that imply ambiguous, but unlikely references. It was found that there are about 70 places in the Qur'an which fall into these two last categories.". DOI:10.1080/13530190120034549. Retrieved on 2006-11-17. “The third section deals with the verses which imply ambiguous, but likely, references to the same [i.e. Jerusalem]. The fourth section deals with the verses that imply ambiguous, but unlikely, references. It was found that there are about 70 places in the Qur'an which fall into these two last categories.”
- ^ Resolution No. 2/2-IS. Second Islamic Summit Conference. Organization of the Islamic Conference (February 24, 1974). Retrieved on November 17, 2006. “RECALLING once again, the deep attachment of the Muslims to the Holy City of Jerusalem which for them is the First Qibla and the Third Holiest Shrine…”
- ^ Gilbert, Martin (1996). Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century. Chatto and Windus. LCCN 97-224015 ISBN 0701130709. “Martin Gilbert describes how the Nazi mufti of Jerusalem raised money from an Indian prince to gild the dome and finance a publicity campaign throughout the Arab world to promote the mosques of Temple Mount as the third-holiest shrine in Islam, making them ‘far more prominent than they had been hitherto in the minds of Muslims everywhere.’”
- ^ Talhami, Ghada Hashem (February, 2000). The Modern History of Islamic Jerusalem: Academic Myths and Propaganda. Middle East Policy Journal. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved on November 17, 2006. “The holiness of Jerusalem was related to the rise and expansion of a certain type of literary genre, known as al-Fadhail or history of cities. The Fadhail of Jerusalem preserved the traditions of the Prophet regarding Jerusalem, the statements of various holy personages, and the city's popular lore. All of these inspired Muslims to embellish the sanctity of the city beyond its status in the holy texts. The greatest source of information for al-Fadhail was the hadith, the Prophet's traditions, which were beginning to be quoted extensively in the last third of the first Muslim century (the seventh century of the Christian era). The traditions were used to enumerate the values of visiting the city and al-Aqsa Mosque. Circulating widely during the Umayyad period, these traditions were often a reflection of the Umayyad policy of enhancing the religious status of Jerusalem.”
- ^ Silverman, Jonathan (May 6, 2005). The opposite of holiness. Retrieved on November 17, 2006. “After the prophet died in June 632 a series of successors, or caliphs, assumed authority as Islam's leaders. Between 661 and 750 the Umayyad Dynasty held the Caliphate and ruled from Damascus. During the time they ruled, on account of various internal and external pressures, the Umayyads exerted enormous effort to elevate Jerusalem's status, perhaps even to the level of Mecca...the Palestinian historian A.L. Tibawi writes, that building an actual Al Aqsa Mosque "gave reality to the figurative name used in the Koran...." As Pipes points out, moreover, "it had the hugely important effect of giving Jerusalem a place in the Koran post hoc which naturally imbued the city with a higher status in Islam." Which is another way of saying, before the Umayyads built Dome of the Rock and Al Aksa, Jerusalem had no status at all in Islam. Israeli scholar Izhak Hasson says: "construction of the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa mosque, the rituals instituted by the Umayyads on the Temple Mount and the dissemination of Islamic-oriented Traditions regarding sanctity of the site, all point to the political motives which underlay the glorification of Jerusalem among the Muslims." In other words the sanctification of Jerusalem in Islam is based on the Umayyad building program.”
