Albert Reynolds

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Albert Reynolds
8th Taoiseach of Ireland
In office 11 February 1992 – 15 December 1994
Deputy	John Wilson (1992–1993) Dick Spring (1993–1994) Dick Spring (1994)
Preceded by	Charles Haughey
Succeeded by	John Bruton
Born	4 November 1932 Roscommon, Irish Free State
Political party	Fianna Fáil
Spouse	Kathleen Reynolds
Profession	Businessman

Albert Reynolds (Irish: Ailbhe Mac Raghnaill; born November 4, 1932), was the eighth Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, serving one term in office from 1992 until 1994. He was the fifth leader of Fianna Fáil during the same period.

Reynolds was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a TD) for Longford-Roscommon in 1977, and was re-elected at each election until his retirement in 2002. He previously served as Minister for Finance (1988–1991), Minister for Industry & Commerce (1987–1988), Minister for Industry & Energy (1982), Minister for Transport (1980–1981) and Minister for Posts & Telegraphs (1979–1981). Reynolds is credited with and is regarded^{[citation needed]} as having more of an influence on the peace process of Northern Ireland than any Taoiseach before him.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Early political career 3 Taoiseach 1992–1994 4 Post-Taoiseach period 5 Governments 6 Political career

[edit] Early life

Albert Reynolds was born in Rooskey, County Roscommon on November 4, 1932. He was educated at Summerhill College in County Sligo, and found work as a clerk in the 1950s with Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), the state transport service. Reynolds left what many would consider to be a "job for life" in the state company and moved into the showband scene, owning a number of dancehalls in his local area. He became wealthy from this venture during the 1960s when dancehalls proved extremely popular and invested his money in a number of businesses including a pet food company, a bacon factory, a fish exporting operation and hire purchase company. Reynolds also had business interests in local newspapers and a cinema. Although his dancehall empire required late nights Reynolds was a traditional family man and had a happy home with his wife Kathleen and their seven children.

[edit] Early political career

Reynolds became interested in politics at the time of the Arms Crisis in 1970, a hugely controversial episode in modern Irish history which saw two Cabinet ministers, Neil Blaney and Charles Haughey, sacked from the government over an alleged attempt to import arms to Northern Ireland. The two men were subsequently acquitted in court but Reynolds then decided to embark on a political career. Reynolds stood as a Fianna Fáil candidate in the 1977 General Election. The election was a landslide victory for Fianna Fáil, with the party receiving a twenty-seat parliamentary majority. Reynolds was just one of a number of TDs elected to Dáil Éireann on that day, however, at 43 years of age Reynolds was considered a late starter.

Reynolds remained a backbencher until 1979. In that year pressure was mounting on the Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil leader Jack Lynch to step down. He became a member of the so-called "gang of five" with Jackie Fahey, Mark Killilea, Jnr, Tom McEllistrim, Jnr and Seán Doherty which aligned itself to Charles Haughey and supported him in the subsequent leadership contest. Reynolds's affable personality helped him to coax a number of backbenchers into supporting Haughey^{[citation needed]}, who went on to beat George Colley in the leadership struggle and become Taoiseach. Reynolds was rewarded for his staunch loyalty by joining the government as Minister for Posts & Telegraphs. He took on the Transport portfolio in 1980, making his brief one of the largest and most wide-ranging in the government. As Minister for Transport Reynolds was involved in a bizarre incident in which an Aer Lingus plane was hi-jacked with the chief demand for the safe return of the aircraft and its passengers being the revealing of the religious secret, the Third Secret of Fatima. The incident was resolved in Paris with no injuries.

Fianna Fáil lost power in 1981 but regained it again in 1982. Reynolds returned to government as Minister for Industry & Energy. That government fell in late 1982 and Reynolds was back on the opposition benches. During the 1982–1983 period the Fianna Fáil leader, Charles Haughey, faced three motions of no-confidence. Reynolds gave him his support at all times and Haughey survived, defeating his opponents and critics within the party.

In 1987 Fianna Fáil returned to government and Reynolds was appointed Minister for Industry & Commerce, one of the most senior positions in the cabinet. The position seemed even more important as the government's top priority at this time was economic recovery. In 1988 the Minister for Finance, Ray MacSharry, became Ireland's European Commissioner. Reynolds succeeded MacSharry in the most important department in the government, a succession that was to have severe consequences.

In 1989 a general election resulted in Fianna Fáil taking the unprecedented move of entering into a coalition government with the Progressive Democrats. Reynolds headed the Fianna Fáil negotiation team along with another Minister, Bertie Ahern. A programme for government was finally agreed, almost a month after the general election, and Reynolds returned as Minister for Finance in a coalition government that he described as a "temporary little arrangement."

The failure to get the Fianna Fáil candidate, Brian Lenihan, elected as President of Ireland added to the pressure on Haughey's leadership. In a speech in County Cork, Reynolds announced that if a vacancy arose in the position of party leader he would contest it. This was a clear and open revolt on Haughey's leadership. A number of TDs, including some members of the cabinet also began to grow disillusioned with Haughey and they began to look for a successor. Reynolds was the most popular and his profile was enhanced by his so-called "Country & Western" gang of TDs who began to agitate within the party on his behalf. In November 1991 a relatively unknown rural TD, Seán Power, put down a motion of no confidence in Haughey. Reynolds and his staunchest of supporters, Pádraig Flynn, announced their support for the motion and were immediately sacked from the government. When the vote was taken the party re-affirmed its support in Haughey and it looked as if Reynolds political career was finished.

Haughey's victory was short-lived, as a series of political errors would lead to his demise as Taoiseach. Controversy erupted over the attempted appointment of Jim McDaid as Minister for Defence, which saw him resign from the post before he had been officially installed. Worse was to follow when Seán Doherty, the man who as Minister for Justice had taken the blame for the phone-tapping scandal of the early 1980s, went on RTÉ television and said that Haughey had known and authorised the phone-tapping. Haughey denied this but the Progressive Democrats members of the government stated that they could no longer continue in government with Haughey as Taoiseach. Haughey told Des O'Malley, the PD leader, that he intended to retire shortly but wanted to choose his own time of departure. O'Malley agreed to this and the government continued.

On January 30, 1992 Haughey officially retired as leader of Fianna Fáil at the parliamentary party meeting. He remained as Taoiseach until February 11 when Albert Reynolds succeeded him having easily defeated Mary O'Rourke and Michael Woods in the Leadership election.

[edit] Taoiseach 1992–1994

Reynolds created a storm when he appointed his new cabinet^{[citation needed]}. Eight members of Haughey's old cabinet, including such long-standing figures as Ray Burke, Mary O'Rourke and Gerard Collins, were dismissed. Nine of the twelve junior ministers, many of whom were Haughey loyalists, were also sacked. The ministers who were sacked along with Reynolds at the end of 1991 where all re-instated, and a number of younger TDs, like Charlie McCreevy and Brian Cowen, joined the cabinet for the first time. Bertie Ahern, possibly one of Haughey's biggest supporters, remained as Minister for Finance due to his agreement^{[citation needed]} with Reynolds not to challenge him for the leadership.

On Reynolds's first day as Taoiseach the X-Case^{[citation needed]} incident erupted. This was when the Attorney-General, Harry Whelehan, refused to allow a 14-year old girl to travel to Britain for an abortion. The incident strained relations between the government parties of Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats. A referendum on abortion was eventually held, with the government suffering an embarrassing defeat^{[citation needed]} on the third strand of the referendum which would make abortion illegal except the life of the mother was in danger. The referendum and the wording of the constitutional change between the two government parties caused tensions,^{[citation needed]} however, the government remained intact.

A tribunal of enquiry into irregularities in the beef industry was established to examine the "unhealthy" relationship between Charles Haughey and the beef baron Larry Goodman. At the tribunal Desmond O'Malley severely criticised Reynolds, in his capacity as Minister for Industry & Commerce, for an export credit scheme. When Reynolds gave evidence he referred to O'Malley as "dishonest."^{[citation needed]} This enraged the Progressive Democrats leader and the party voted against itself and Fianna Fáil in a motion of no confidence and the government fell.

The election campaign was a disaster for Fianna Fáil. Support for the party fell^{[citation needed]} by 5% and it was clear that the public blamed Reynolds over O'Malley for the collapse of the government. When the results were known Fianna Fáil received^{[citation needed]} its worst election results since 1927. The 27th Dáil met three times between December and January but a Taoiseach failed to be elected with a majority on all three occasions. Eventually negotiations began to form another coalition government and eventually^{[citation needed]} a Fianna Fáil-Labour Party government came to power with Reynolds returning as Taoiseach and Dick Spring of Labour becoming Tánaiste.

One of Reynolds's big achievements during his term as Taoiseach was the advancement in the peace process regarding Northern Ireland. Piecemeal negotiations had gone on during 1993 between Reynolds and the British Prime Minister, John Major. Reynolds had a very good relationship^{[citation needed]} with Major, possibly one of the best^{[citation needed]} between an Irish Taoiseach and a British Prime Minister. On December 15, 1993 the Joint Downing Street Declaration was signed in London.

The agreement between the two governments was a high point for Reynolds, however the Government was soon to face more pressure. A disagreement between the two government partners erupted over certain financial matters, including a tax amnesty for tax evaders and a complex addition to a Finance Bill that was going to be published. On 9 June 1994 the arithmetic in Dáil Éireann changed due to Fianna Fáil's defeat in the Mayo West and Dublin South Central by-elections, and for the first time in the 27th Dáil an alternative government could be formed without Fianna Fáil. This added to the pressure on Reynolds but worse was still to come.

The report on the Beef Tribunal was eventually published in July 1994 and Labour threatened to leave the government if Reynolds was criticised. As it turned out Reynolds was vindicated^{[citation needed]} and wanted to report in the media immediately. This caused tensions between himself and Spring, tensions that never repaired themselves. There was some conciliation for Reynolds in that the IRA called a complete ceasefire on August 31, 1994. It was a moment to rejoice for Reynolds, however, this great achievement for him was only the calm before the storm.

Reynolds's and Spring's political relationship came to breaking point over the Attorney-General, Harry Whelehan, and Reynolds's insistence in appointing him president of the High Court. It was later revealed that Whelehan, in his capacity as Attorney-General, had mishandled an attempt^[1] to extradite a paedophile Roman Catholic priest, Fr. Brendan Smyth. Dick Spring led his ministers out of a cabinet meeting and mulled over the consequences and what the next step should be. The coalition looked finished but Reynolds still held out for the chance to patch things up. He was forced to go before Dáil Éireann and indicate that if he had known 'then' what he 'knew now' about the incompetent handling of the case by the AG's office he would not have appointed Whelehan to the judicial post. However it was not enough and the Labour Party resigned from government. Reynolds realised that nothing could be done to save the government and he resigned as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil.

On December 19, 1994 the Minister for Finance, Bertie Ahern, was unanimously elected the sixth leader of Fianna Fáil. Reynolds's favoured successor, Máire Geoghegan-Quinn withdrew from the leadership contest on the morning of the vote. Fianna Fáil found themselves in opposition against the Rainbow Coalition and Reynolds returned to the opposition backbenches of Dáil Éireann.

[edit] Post-Taoiseach period

Reynolds remained on as a TD following his resignation. At the beginning of 1997 he was thinking of retiring from politics at the next general election, which would have to be held during the year. Bertie Ahern, Reynolds's successor, encouraged him to run and offered him the position of "peace envoy" to Northern Ireland and his support as a candidate for the presidential election. Fianna Fáil won the election, however, Ahern went back on his promise to Reynolds due to poor election results in his constituency and the change in the political situation in the North of Ireland. However, Reynolds was still interested in being a candidate for the presidency, along with two other candidates, Michael O'Kennedy and Mary McAleese. In a meeting of ministers the Taoiseach gave a typically ambiguous speech which seemed to encourage his Cabinet to support McAleese. In the end, McAleese was successful and went on to become the eighth President of Ireland. Reynolds was humiliated by Ahern and many of the ministers he had sacked when he came to power in 1992. He retired from politics at the 2002 General Election after 25 years as a TD.

With the death of Charles Haughey on June 13, 2006, he is the only living former Fianna Fáil Taoiseach. Liam Cosgrave, Garret FitzGerald and John Bruton, the other former Taoisigh who are still alive, are all Fine Gael.

[edit] Governments

The following governments were led by Reynolds:

• 22nd Government of Ireland (February 1992–January 1993)
• 23rd Government of Ireland (January 1993–December 1994)

[edit] Political career

Political offices
Preceded by Pádraig Faulkner	Minister for Posts & Telegraphs 1979–1981	Succeeded by Patrick Cooney
Preceded by George Colley	Minister for Transport 1980–1981
Preceded by Michael O'Leary	Minister for Industry & Energy Mar 1982–Dec 1982	Succeeded by John Bruton
Preceded by Michael Noonan	Minister for Industry & Commerce 1987–1988	Succeeded by Ray Burke
Preceded by Ray MacSharry	Minister for Finance 1988–1991	Succeeded by Bertie Ahern
Preceded by Charles Haughey	Taoiseach 1992–1994	Succeeded by John Bruton
	Leader of the Fianna Fáil Party 1992–1994	Succeeded by Bertie Ahern
Preceded by Bobby Molloy	Minister for Energy Nov 1992–Jan 1993 (acting)	Succeeded by Brian Cowen

Prime Ministers of Ireland Taoisigh na hÉireann
Éamon de Valera • John A. Costello • Seán Lemass • Jack Lynch • Liam Cosgrave • Charles Haughey • Garret FitzGerald • Albert Reynolds • John Bruton • Bertie Ahern
Previous prime ministerial offices under earlier constitutions Príomh Aire (1919–1921) Cathal Brugha • Éamon de Valera President of the Irish Republic (1921–1922) Éamon de Valera • Arthur Griffith Chairman of the Provisional Government (1922) Michael Collins • W. T. Cosgrave President of the Executive Council (1922–1937) W. T. Cosgrave • Éamon de Valera

Leaders of Fianna Fáil
Éamon de Valera (1926–1959) • Seán Lemass (1959–1966) • Jack Lynch (1966–1979) • Charles Haughey (1979–1992) • Albert Reynolds (1992–1994) • Bertie Ahern (1994–)