Ebony

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For other uses, see Ebony (disambiguation).

Ebony

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ebenaceae
Genus:	Diospyros
Species:	D. ebenum

Binomial name

Diospyros ebenum
Koenig ex Retz.

Ebony Tree Forest at Krishnapura

Ebony (Diospyros ebenum), also known as India Ebony or Ceylon Ebony depending on its origin, is a tree in the genus Diospyros, native to southern India and Sri Lanka. It is noted for its heavy black, fine-grained heartwood. It is a medium-sized evergreen, reaching 20–25 m tall. The leaves are entire, about 6–15 cm long and 3–5 cm broad. The fruit is a small berry 2 cm diameter, similar to a small persimmon. Ebony heartwood is one of the most intensely black woods known, which, combined with its very high density (it is one of the very few woods that sink in water), fine texture, and ability to polish very smoothly, has made it very valuable as an ornamental wood.

[edit] Uses

Ebony has a long history of use, with carved pieces having been found in Ancient Egyptian tombs. The word "ebony" derives from the Ancient Egyptian hbny, via the Greek έβενος (ebenos), by way of Latin and Middle English.

By the end of the 16th century, fine cabinets for the luxury trade were made of ebony in Antwerp. The dense hardness lent itself to refined moldings framing finely detailed pictorial panels with carving in very low relief (bas-relief), usually of allegorical subjects, or scenes taken from classical or Christian history. Within a short time, such cabinets were also being made in Paris, where their makers became known as ébénistes, which remains the French term for a cabinetmaker.

Modern uses are largely restricted to small sizes, particularly in musical instrument making, including piano and harpsichord keys, violin, guitar, and cello fingerboards, pegs and chinrests. Traditionally, black piano and harpsichord keys were ebony, and the black pieces in chess were made from ebony, with rare boxwood being used for the white pieces. Modern east Midlands-style lace-making bobbins, also being small, are often made of ebony and look particularly decorative when bound with brass or silver wire.

In Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka,It is called as Karmara in native Tulu language. Ebony tree forests which once covered large areas of these districts has shrunk significantly due to rapid urbanisation. The wood of ebony is used as firewood, as it can burn even in moist conditions.

As a result of unsustainable harvesting, many species of ebony are now considered threatened (For recommendations found under the IUCN Red List, see: http://www.redlist.org For those species accepted as endangered and for which import restrictions apply, see: http://www.cites.org ).