Einkorn wheat
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| Triticum monococcum L. |
Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain") can refer either to the wild species of wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling baeoticum is also common), or to the domesticated form, Triticum monococcum. The wild and domesticated forms are either considered separate species, as here, or as subspecies of T. monococcum. Einkorn is a diploid species of hulled wheat, with tough glumes ('husk') that tightly enclose the grains. The cultivated form is similar to the wild, except that the ear stays intact when ripe and the seeds are larger.
Einkorn wheat was one of the earliest cultivated forms of wheat, alongside emmer wheat (T. dicoccon). Grains of wild einkorn have been found in Epi-Paleolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent. It was first domesticated approximately 9000 radiocarbon years ago, in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A or B periods.[1] Evidence from DNA finger-printing suggests einkorn was domesticated near Karacadag in southeast Turkey, an area in which a number of PPNB farming villages have been found.[2] Its cultivation decreased in the Bronze Age, and today it is a relict crop that is rarely planted. It remains as a local crop, often for bulgur (cracked wheat) or as animal feed, in mountainous areas of France, Morocco, the former Yugoslavia, Turkey and other countries. It often survives on poor soils where other species of wheat fail.[3]
[edit] Gluten toxicity
In contrast with more modern forms of wheat, there is evidence that the gliadin protein of einkorn is not toxic to sufferers of coeliac disease.[4] It has yet to be recommended in any gluten-free diet.
[edit] References
- ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 38.
- ^ Manfred Heun, Ralf Schäfer-Pregl, Dieter Klawan, Renato Castagna, Monica Accerbi, Basilio Borghi, Francesco Salamini, Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by DNA Fingerprinting Science 278: 1312-1314, 1997
- ^ Zohary and Hopf, Domestication, pp. 33f
- ^ Pizzuti, Daniela; Buda, Andrea; D'Odorico, Anna; D'Incà, Renata; Chiarelli, Silvia; Curioni, Andrea; Martines, Diego (November, 2006). Lack of intestinal mucosal toxicity of Triticum monococcum in celiac disease patients. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Retrieved on October 31, 2006.
[edit] External links
- Ancient Grain Varieties in Archaeology
- "Hulled Wheats. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops." 4. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats 21-22 July 1995, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy
- Wheat evolution: integrating archaeological and biological evidence
| Wheat resources (edit) |
| History: Domestication, Neolithic Revolution, Tell Abu Hureyra, Aaron Aaronsohn Evolution: Triticeae |
| Types of wheat: Wheat taxonomy, Common (Bread) wheat, Durum, Einkorn, Emmer, Kamut (QK-77), Norin 10 wheat, Spelt, Winter wheat |
| Agronomy: Wheat diseases, Wheat mildew, Plant breeding Trade: Canadian Wheat Board, International Wheat Council, International wheat production statistics |
| Food: Wheat beer, Wheat Thins, Whole grain, Whole wheat flour, Farina (food), Bran, Flour, Gluten, Bread, Matzo, Wheat gluten (food), Complete Wheat Bran Flakes, Shredded wheat, Pasta, Macaroni, Couscous, Bulgur, Other Uses: Wheat pasting |
| Associated Diseases: coeliac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, Exercise-induced anaphylaxis, baker's allergy |
