Ella Cara Deloria
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Ella Cara Deloria (January 30, 1888 – February 12, 1971), also called Anpetu Waste Win (Beautiful Day Woman), was an educator, anthropologist, ethnographer, linguist, and novelist of Yankton Sioux background. She recorded Sioux oral history and legends, and in the 1940s wrote a novel, Waterlily, finally published in 1988.
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[edit] Life
Deloria was born in the White Swan district of the Yankton Indian Reservation, South Dakota. Her parents were Mary Sully Bordeau Deloria and Philip Deloria, the family having Yankton Sioux, Irish, and French roots. Her father was one of the first Sioux to be ordained as an Episcopalian priest. Although Ella was the first child to the couple, they each had two daughters by previous marriages; she was followed by three further children.
Deloria was brought up on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, at Wakpala, and was educated first at her father's mission school and All Saints Boarding School in Sioux Falls, and then – after a brief period at the University of Chicago – at Oberlin College, Ohio, to which she had won a scholarship. After two years at Oberlin she transferred to Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and graduated with a B.Sc. in 1915.
Throughout her professional life she suffered from not having had the money or the free time necessary to take an advanced degree, largely because of her commitment to the support of her family; her parents were elderly, and her sister suffered from brain tumours. In addition to her work in anthropology (of which more below), Deloria had a number of jobs, including teaching (dance and physical education), lecturing and giving demonstrations (on Native American culture), working for the Camp Fire Girls and for the YWCA, and holding positions at the Sioux Indian Museum in Rapid City, South Dakota, and (as assistant director) the W.H. Over Museum in Vermillion. Her nephew was the writer and intellectual, Vine Deloria, Jr.
Deloria had a stroke in 1970, dying the following year of pneumonia.
[edit] Work and achievements
Deloria met Franz Boas while at Teachers College, and began a professional association with him until his death in 1942, also working with his students Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. She had the advantage for her work on Native American culture of fluency in both the Yankton and Lakota dialects of Sioux, both of which she had used as a child, as well as the eastern dialect of Sioux (in addition to English and Latin).
Her linguistic abilities and her intimate knowledge of traditional and Christianised Sioux culture, together with her deep commitment both to Native American culture and to scholarship, allowed Deloria to carry out important, often ground-breaking work in anthropology and ethnology, as well as to produce translations in to English of historical and scholarly texts in Sioux (such as the Lakota texts of George Bushotter and the Santee texts of Gideon and Samuel Pond). She was compiling a Sioux dictionary at the time of her death.
Deloria won the Indian Achievement Award in 1943, and was the recipient of grants from the Wenner-Gren Foundation (1948) and the National Science Foundation (1960s).
[edit] Books by Deloria
[edit] Fiction
- 1988: Waterlily (reprinted 1990, University of Nebraska Press; ISBN 0-8032-6579-4)
- 1993: Ella Deloria's Iron Hawk (single narrative, ed. Julian Rice. University of New Mexico Press; ISBN 0-8263-1447-3)
- 1994: Ella Deloria's the Buffalo People (collection of stories, ed. Julian Rice. University of New Mexico Press; ISBN 0-8263-1507-0)
[edit] Non-fiction
- 1928: The Wohpe Festival: Being an All-Day Celebration, Consisting of Ceremonials, Games, Dances and Songs, in Honor of Wohpe, One of the Four Superior Gods... Games, of Adornment and of Little Children
- 1929: The Sun Dance of the Oglala Sioux (American Folklore Society)
- 1944: Speaking of Indians (reprinted 1998, University of Nebraska Press; ISBN 0-8032-6614-6)
- 2006: Dakota Texts (Bison Books; ISBN 0-8032-6660-X)
[edit] Sources and further reading
- Julian Rice, Deer Women and Elk Men: The Lakota Narratives of Ella Deloria (1992, University of New Mexico Press; ISBN 0-8263-1362-0)
- Raymond A. Bucko, "Ella Cara Deloria", in Encyclopedia of Anthropology ed. H. James Birx (2006, SAGE Publications; ISBN 0-7619-3029-9)
- Janette Murray, Ella Deloria: A Biographical Sketch and Literary Analysis (Ph.D. thesis, 1974 — University of North Dakota
- Anne Ruggles Gere, "Indian Heart/White Man's Head: Native-American Teachers in Indian Schools, 1880–1930" (History of Education Quarterly 45:1, Spring 2005)
