Geneva Bible

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The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English.

This was the Bible read by William Shakespeare, by John Knox, by John Donne, and by John Bunyan, author of Pilgrim's Progress. It was one of the Bibles brought to America on the Mayflower, and it was used by many English Dissenters, and by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers at the time of the English Civil War.

Because the language of the Geneva Bible was more forceful and vigorous, most readers preferred this version strongly over the Bishops' Bible, the translation authorised by the Church of England under Elizabeth I. In the words of Cleland Boyd McAfee, "it drove the Great Bible off the field by sheer power of excellence" [1].

[edit] History

During the time when England was ruled by Queen Mary I, who persecuted Protestants, a number of Protestant scholars fled to Geneva in Switzerland, which was then ruled as a republic in which John Calvin and Theodore Beza provided the primary spiritual and theological leadership. Among these scholars was William Whittingham, who supervised the translation in collaboration with Myles Coverdale, Christopher Goodman, Anthony Gilby, Thomas Sampson, and William Cole—several of whom became prominent figures in the proto-Puritan nonconformist faction of the Vestments controversy. Whittingham was directly responsible for the New Testament, which was complete and published in 1557 (Herbert #106), while Gilby oversaw the Old.

The first full edition of this Bible, with a further revised New Testament, appeared in 1560 (Herbert #107), but it was not printed in England until 1575 (New Testament, Herbert #141) and 1576 (Bible, Herbert #143). Over 150 editions were issued; the last probably in 1644 (Herbert #579). The first Bible printed in Scotland was a Geneva Bible in 1579 (Herbert #158). In fact, the involvement of Knox and Calvin in the creation of the Geneva Bible made it especially appealing in Scotland, where a law was passed in 1579 requiring every household of sufficient means to buy a copy. [2]

Some editions from 1576 onwards (Herbert #146) included Tomson's revisions of the New Testament. Some editions from 1599 (Herbert #248) used a new "Junius" version of the Revelation. This was translated, possibly by Thomas Barber, from a new Latin version by Junius of the Revelation, and had previously been issued as a separate work (from 1592, Herbert #214).

Like most English translations of the time, the Geneva Bible was translated from scholarly editions of the Greek New Testament and Hebrew scriptures that comprise the Christian Old Testament. The English rendering was substantially based on the earlier translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale. (80-90% of the language in the Genevan New Testament is from Tyndale.)

The annotations which are an important part of the Geneva Bible were Calvinistic and Puritan in character, and as such they were disliked by the ruling conservative Protestants of the Church of England, as well as King James I, who commissioned the "Authorized Version" or King James Bible to replace it. The Geneva Bible also motivated the production of the Douay-Rheims edition by the recusant Catholic community. The Geneva Bible remained popular among Puritans and remained in widespread use until after the English Civil War. The Geneva notes were surprisingly included in a few editions of the King James version, even as late as 1715 (Herbert #936).

It has been stated by some that the Geneva Bible was the Bible present at the signing of the U. S. Declaration of Independence and the U. S. Constitution, due to the fact that it was the Bible that the Puritans brought with them to America. However, the U. S. Library of Congress and the Independence National Historical Park both state that they do not know what version/translation of the Bible was present at these signings (Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania being the location of both of the signings).

[edit] Format

The Geneva Bible was the first English Bible to use verse numbers and an elaborate system of commentary in marginal glosses. This annotation was done by Laurence Tomson, who translated (for the 1560 Geneva Bible) L'Oiseleur's notes on the Gospels, which themselves came from Camerarius. In 1576 Tomson added L'Oiseleur's notes for the Epistles, which came from Beza's 1565 and 1589/1598 Greek and Latin edition of the Bible. Beginning in 1599 Franciscus Junius' notes on Revelation were added, replacing the original notes deriving from John Bale and Heinrich Bullinger. Bale's The Image of bothe churches had a great impact on these notes as well as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Both the Junius and Bullinger-Bale annotations are explicitly anti-Roman Catholic and representative of much popular Protestant apocalypticism during the Reformation.

The 1560 Geneva Bible was printed in Roman type—the style of type regularly used today—but a minority of the editions used the older black-letter ("Gothic") type. Of the various later English Bible translations, the next to use Roman type was the Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582 (New Testament) and 1609–10 (Old Testament).

The Geneva Bible was also issued in more convenient and affordable sizes than earlier versions. The 1560 Bible was in quarto format (218 × 139 mm), but pocketable octavo editions were also issued. The New Testament was issued at various times in sizes from quarto down to 32º (the smallest, 70 × 39 mm, Herbert #213). In the late sixteenth century it is likely that the Geneva New Testament cost less than a week's wages even for the lowest-paid labourers.

The 1560 Geneva Bible contained a number of woodcut illustrations and explanatory tables. Smaller-format editions might be unillustrated and lack the marginal notes, but some large folio editions had additional illustrations, such as one showing Adam and Eve, where Adam wears a typical Elizabethan beard and moustache.

[edit] Sample

To compare the Geneva Bible with the King James, here is Revelation 6:12-17 in both versions (with spelling modernized). The differences have been italicized in the King James extract:

The title page of the 1560 edition of the Geneva Bible; the illustration depicts the Israelites before the Red Sea.

It is striking how close the two versions are to each other. Examination of their differences reveals that the earlier Geneva version frequently sounds more direct and modern than the later King James, e.g.

“and the moon was like blood” (Geneva) versus “and the moon became as blood” (King James)

“as a fig tree casteth her green figs” (Geneva) versus “even as a fig tree casteth her untimely figs” (King James)

The Geneva Bible has sometimes been called the Breeches Bible, after its rendering of Genesis 3:7: (using modern spelling) "Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed fig tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches." The older Wycliffe Bible also used "breeches" (spelled "brechis") in this verse. Other translations use "aprons", "coverings", "loincloths", "loin coverings", or "girdles" instead of "breeches".

[edit] References

• A. S. Herbert, Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible 1525–1961, London: British and Foreign Bible Society; New York: American Bible Society, 1968. SBN 564-00130-9.

[edit] External links

Facsimiles

• A Digital Facsimile of the 1560 Geneva Bible at The DCL.
• A Digital Facsimile by Reactor-Core

Text

• Geneva Bible Footnotes
• Geneva Bible online
• Geneva Bible Text (links to a commercial site)
• Modern Spelling Geneva Bible with Footnotes for the Gospels

Articles

• The Geneva Bible of 1560: article by Bruce Metzger originally printed in Theology Today
• The Dr. Gene Scott Bible Collection Relevant Web page from a site related to a major private Bible collection
• Online version of Sir Frederic G. Kenyon’s article in Dictionary of the Bible, 1909

Editions Currently In Print

• 1599 Edition: Modern Spelling, Typesetting from The 1599 Geneva Bible Restoration Project
• 1599 Edition: Original Spelling, Modern Typesetting, without notes
• 1599 Edition: Hand Bound Replica
• 1599 Old Testament: Facsimile Reproduction
• 1599 New Testament: Facsimile Reproduction
• 1587 Edition: Original Spelling, Modern Typesetting, without notes
• 1560 First Edition: Facsimile Reproduction
• 1560 Old Testament: Facsimile Reproduction
• 1560 Apocrypha & New Testament: Facsimile Reproduction