Gotthard Heinrici
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Gotthard Heinrici (December 25, 1886 – December 13, 1971) was a general in the German Army during World War II.
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[edit] Personal life
Born in Gumbinnen, East Prussia (now Gusev, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia), on Christmas Day, 1886. Few details are known about Heinrici's personal life. He was a cousin of General Gerd von Rundstedt and was married to Gertrude Heinrici, a half-Jew. The family received a German Blood Certificate directly from German dictator Adolf Hitler. The Heinricis had two children: a girl and a boy.
The son of a Lutheran-Protestant minister. Heinrici was a religious man who attended church regularly. His religiosity made him unpopular among the Nazi hierarchy and he was on unfavourable terms with Marshal of the Nation (Reichsmarschall) Hermann Göring and Hitler. This was probably due to his refusal to join the Nazi Party.
[edit] Early army career
The Heinrici family had been soldiers since the 12th century. Gotthard Heinrici continued the family tradition by joining the 95th Infantry Regiment on 8 March 1905. He was 19 years old. Heinrici saw action on both the Eastern and Western fronts in the First World War and won numerous awards. His awards included the Black Wound Badge for being wounded in battle. Heinrici also received both the Second Class and First Class Iron Crosses in 1914 and 1915, respectively. He participated in the Battle of Tannenberg. Heinrici was a victim of poison gas in World War I.
[edit] Second World War
Heinrici served throughout World War II. As was the case during World War I, he served on both fronts. Heinrici built up a reputation as one of the best defensive tacticians in the Wehrmacht and was renowned for his tenacity. For this reason, his officers and men nicknamed him Unser Giftzwerg: literally, "our poison dwarf".
During the Blitzkrieg into France, Heinrici commanded the 12th Corps and succeeded in breaking through the Maginot Line on 14 June 1940. In 1941, during Operation Barbarossa, Heinrici served in the Second Panzer Army under Heinz Guderian and, as the commanding general of the 43rd Army Corps, received the Knight's Cross.
On 26 January 1942, Heinrici was given command of the German Fourth Army. This unit was crucial to the rapidly crumbling German line directly facing Moscow. The Fourth Army under Heinrici held out against the Soviet onslaught for ten weeks. Heinrici managed this even though his forces were sometimes out-numbered 12 to 1. During this time, Heinrici developed one of his most famous tactics. When he knew a Soviet attack was imminent, he would pull his troops back from the line until the Soviet artillery barrage subsided. Then, immediately afterwards, Heinrici would redeploy them unharmed.
[edit] Smolensk
In late 1943 Göring had Heinrici placed in a convalescent home in Karlsbad on the pretext of "ill health". This was actually punishment for refusing to set fire to Smolensk in accordance with the Nazi "scorched earth" policy. However, it should be noted that Heinrici went on a two-month leave of absence twice during World War II. He took leave from 6 June to 13 July 1942. About one year later, Heinrici took leave from 1 June to 31 July 1943. One of these leaves was believed to be due to his contracting hepatitis.
In the summer of 1944, after eight months of enforced retirement, Heinrici was sent to Hungary and placed in command of the German First Panzer Army and the Hungarian First Army which was attached to it. He was able to keep the First Panzer Army relatively intact as he retreated into Slovakia. Heinrici fought so tenaciously that he was awarded the Swords to the Oak Leaves of his Knight's Cross on 3 March 1945.
[edit] Retreat from the Oder
On 20 March 1945, Heinrici replaced Heinrich Himmler as Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Vistula on the Eastern Front. At this time, the front was less than 50 miles from Berlin. He commanded two armies: the Third Panzer Army led by General Hasso von Manteuffel and the Ninth Army led by General Theodor Busse. Heinrici was tasked with preventing a Soviet attack across the Oder River. But he faced shortages of manpower and material and Hitler's conviction that the Red Army would not attack Berlin.
Led by Marshals Georgi Zhukov (1st Byelorussian Front) and Ivan Konev (1st Ukrainian Front), the Soviets had advanced rapidly west from the USSR and had been stalled east of the Oder for months. As Anglo-American armies approached Berlin from the West, however, Stalin became convinced that they intended to take Berlin for themselves and ordered Zhukov and Konev to seize the city without further delays.
On 15 April, Heinrici met with architect Albert Speer and Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) Helmuth Reymann to discuss the scorched earth policy (see Nero Decree) that Speer and Heinrici were against. At that time, Reymann was the commander of the Berlin Defense Area. Although Reymann refused to side with Speer, he did promise to confer with Heinrici before destroying vital city infrastructure.
On 16 April, the first stage of the Battle of Berlin, the Battle of the Oder-Neisse, began. Combined, the Soviets attacked with over 1,500,000 men for what they called the "Berlin Offensive Operation". In the early morning of 18 April, Zhukov's front crossed the Oder and assaulted Heinrici's positions on the western bank. Simultaneously, Konev's front attacked Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner's Army Group Center further south. By 19 April, the Battle of the Oder-Neisse was over. Now began the Battle of Berlin, the battle for the city itself.
By late April, Heinrici realized that Army Group Vistula could not halt the advance of the Soviets. After days of intense fighting, he ordered the retreat of his army group from Wollin. He ordered his men to fall back across the Oder River. Heinrici ordered this despite Hitler's orders that no retreat could be authorized without his personal approval.
Hitler learned of the retreat of Army Group Vistula only after a puzzling request by General Heinrici. Heinrici requested permission from Hitler to transfer his army group headquarters to a new site. Hitler was only able to find Heinrici's new headquarters site after much searching on the map. Hitler then saw to his dismay that it was to the west of Berlin and, thus, further from the Soviets than Hitler's own headquarters.
[edit] Clash with Keitel and Dismissal
On 28 April, German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel was riding along the roads north of Berlin. He noticed to his amazement that troops of the 7th Panzer Division and of the 25th Armored Infantry Division were marching north (away from Berlin). These troops were part of General Hasso von Manteuffel's 3rd Panzer Army. The 3rd Panzer Army was one of two armies which made up Heinrici's Army Group Vistula. They were supposed to be on their way to Berlin. Instead, they were being moved northward in an attempt to halt the Sovet break-through at Neubrandenburg. [1]
At first Keitel did not want to believe his eyes. But there could be no doubt. Heinrici had defied the strictest orders of Keitel and his Deputy, German General Alfred Jodl. Trembling with fury, Keitel went in search of Heinrici. He found him on a road near Neubrandenburg. Heinrici was close to the front and accompanied by von Manteuffel. Processions of wounded and disarmed soldiers and endless treks of refugees were moving past. [2]
Keitel, his face purple, called Heinrici to account. He spoke of insubordination, treason, cowardice, and sabotage. Keitel accused Heinrici of weakness. He shouted that if Heinrici had only taken General Lothar Rendulic in Austria as an example and shot a few thousand deserters or strung them up on the nearest tree, his armies would not now be on the retreat. [3]
Von Manteuffel, shaking with indignation, sought the eye of Heinrici. Von Manteuffel was a front line soldier like Heinrici. He never had too much confidence in Jodl or in Keitel. During the last few days he had almost learned to feel contempt for them both. For von Manteuffel, this scene was the end. [4]
Short, grey-haired Heinrici looked up at Keitel with perfect self-control. He knew he had done right. His movements were intened to bring his army group, and as many civilians as possible, to the west. Heinrici intended to get them into the area between the northern reaches of the Elbe River and the Baltic Sea. [5]
Heinrici waited quietly until Keitel's shouting stopped. Then he pointed at the column marching along the road. Heinrici pointed at the refugees, and at the soldiers without rifles, without guns, without ammunition, without vehicles, without armor, exhausted and hopeless and pursued by forces outnumbering them fifteen times. [6]
Heinrici then said: "Marshal Keitel, if you want these men to be shot, will you please begin!" [7]
Keitel was not a front line soldier. He had never seen a firing squad at work. He looked about himself in confusion. He repeated his orders to move on to Berlin and added severe threats in case of another instance of disobediance. Ultimately Keitel drove off. [8]
Keitel then relieved Heinrici of his command. Heinrici's command was offered to von Manteuffel who declined the promotion. Instead, he protested the treatment of Heinrici. Kurt von Tippelskirch was named as Heinrici's interim replacement until General Kurt Student could arrive and assume control of Army Group Vistula. Student was captured by the British before he could take command.
After losing his command, Heinrici retired to Plön, where he surrendered to British forces on 28 May 1945.
[edit] After the war
After his capture, Heinrici was held at Island Farm where he remained, other than a three-week transfer to a camp in the United States in October 1947, until his eventual release on 19 May 1948.
Throughout the war, Heinrici was opposed to Hitler's scorched earth policy, whereby everything of use had been ordered destroyed so as not to fall into the hands of the advancing enemy. He refused to lay waste to Smolensk as Göring had ordered, and late in the war he supported Minister of Armaments Albert Speer who worked to save Berlin from total destruction. When he was briefly put in charge of the defense of Berlin itself, Heinrici's first command was that nothing be purposely destroyed.
After the war, Heinrici's diary entries and letters were collected into a book entitled Morals and behaviour here are like those in the Thirty Years’ War. The First Year of the German-Soviet War as Shown in the Papers of Gnl. Gotthard Heinrici.
Gotthard Heinrici died on December 13, 1971.
[edit] Ranks held
- Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier (19 Jul 1905)
- Fähnrich (19 Dec 1905)
- Leutnant (18 Aug 1906)
- Oberleutnant (17 Feb 1914)
- Hauptmann (18 Jun 1915)
- Major (01 Feb 1926)
- Oberstleutnant (01 Aug 1930)
- Oberst (01 Mar 1933)
- Generalmajor (01 Jan 1936)
- Generalleutnant (01 Mar 1938)
- General der Infanterie (01 Jun 1940)
- Generaloberst (30 Jan 1943)
[edit] Decorations
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross: 18 September 1941, General der Infanterie, Commanding General of XXXXIII Army Corps on the Eastern Front.
- Oakleaves (No. 333): 24 November 1943, Generaloberst, Commander-in-Chief of the 4th Army on the Eastern Front.
- Swords (No. 136): 3 March 1945, Generaloberst, Commander-in-Chief of the 1st Panzer Army on the Eastern Front.
- Prussian Royal Hohenzollern House Order, Knight's Cross with Swords: 9 August 1918.
- Prussian Iron Cross 1st Class (1914): 24 July 1915.
- Prussian Iron Cross 2nd Class (1914): 27 September 1914.
- 1939 Bar to the Prussian Iron Cross 1st Class (1914): 16 May 1940.
- 1939 Bar to the Prussian Iron Cross 2nd Class (1914): 13 May 1940.
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Carl Eduard War Cross
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Duke Carl Eduard Medal, 2nd Class with Swords and Date
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach House Order of Vigilance or the White Falcon, Knight 2nd Class with Swords
- Saxe-Ernestine Ducal House Order, Knight 2nd Class with Swords
- Reuß Honor Cross, 3rd Class with Swords
- Schwarzburg Honor Cross, 3rd Class with Swords
- Hamburg Hanseatic Cross
- Cross of Honor for Combatants 1914-1918
- Armed Forces Long Service Award, 1st Class (25-year Service Cross)
- Armed Forces Long Service Award, 3rd Class (12-year Service Medal)
- Austrian Military Merit Cross, 3rd Class with War Decoration
- Medal for the Winter Campaign in Russia 1941/1942
[edit] See also
- Battle for Berlin - 1945
- Hans Krebs, Chief of Staff
- Helmuth Weidling, Commander of the Berlin Defense Area
- Felix Steiner, Commander of the Eleventh SS Panzer Army
- Theodor Busse, Commander of the German 9th Army
[edit] References
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
- ^ [Page 171, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
