Henri Becquerel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 Antoine Becquerel, French physicist |
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| Born | December 15, 1852 Paris, France |
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| Died | August 25, 1908 Le Croisic, Brittany, France |
| Residence |  France |
| Nationality | French |
| Field | Physicist |
| Institution | Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers École Polytechnique Paris Museum |
| Alma mater | École Polytechnique École des Ponts et Chaussées |
| Known for | Radioactivity |
| Notable prizes |  Nobel Prize for Physics (1903) |
| Note that he is the father of Jean Becquerel, the son of A. E. Becquerel, and the grandson of Antoine César Becquerel. | |
Antoine Henri Becquerel (December 15, 1852 – August 25, 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity.
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[edit] Early days
Becquerel was born in Paris into a family which, including him and his son, produced four generations of scientists. He studied science at the École Polytechnique and engineering at the École des Ponts et Chaussées.
- Spouse: Louise Désirée Lorieux (m. 1890)
- Children: Jean
[edit] Rise in natural sciences, discoveries and major works
In 1892 he became the third in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. In 1894 he became chief engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways.
In 1896, while investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts, Becquerel discovered radioactivity accidentally. Investigating the work of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Becquerel wrapped a fluorescent mineral, potassium uranyl sulfate, in photographic plates and black material in preparation for an experiment requiring bright sunlight. However, prior to actually performing the experiment, Becquerel found that the photographic plates were fully exposed. This discovery led Becquerel to investigate the spontaneous emission of nuclear radiation.
Describing his method to the French Academy of Sciences on January 24, 1896, he said,
One wraps a Lumière photographic plate with a bromide emulsion in two sheets of very thick black paper, such that the plate does not become clouded upon being exposed to the sun for a day. One places on the sheet of paper, on the outside, a slab of the phosphorescent substance, and one exposes the whole to the sun for several hours. When one then develops the photographic plate, one recognizes that the silhouette of the phosphorescent substance appears in black on the negative. If one places between the phosphorescent substance and the paper a piece of money or a metal screen pierced with a cut-out design, one sees the image of these objects appear on the negative. … One must conclude from these experiments that the phosphorescent substance in question emits rays which pass through the opaque paper and reduces silver salts.[1][2]
In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity".
[edit] Final days and legacy
In 1908, the year of his death, Becquerel was elected permanent secretary of the Académie des Sciences. He died at the age of 55 in Le Croisic.
The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him, and there are Becquerel craters on the Moon and Mars.
- Rumford Medal (1900)
- Helmholtz Medal (1901)
- Nobel Prize for Physics (1903)
- Barnard Medal (1905)
[edit] See also
- A. E. Becquerel (his father)
- Antoine César Becquerel (his grandfather)
- Jean Becquerel (his son)
[edit] References
- ^ Henri Becquerel (1896). "Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence". Comptes Rendus 122: 420-421.
- ^ Comptes Rendus 122, 420 (1896), translated by Carmen Giunta. Accessed September 10, 2006.
[edit] External links
- Henri Becquerel - Biography
- Becquerel short biography and the use of his name as an unit of measure in the SI
- Annotated bibliography for Henri Becquerel from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz, Zeeman 1903: Becquerel, P. Curie, M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi, Braun 1910: van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: von Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg, W. H. Bragg 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: Siegbahn 1925: Franck, Hertz
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Becquerel, Antoine Henri |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | French physicist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | December 15, 1852 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Paris, France |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 25, 1908 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Le Croisic, Brittany, France |
