Hoshanah Rabbah
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| Hoshana Rabba | |
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| Hoshana Rabba liturgy at Moreshet Avot Orthodox Teimani Beit Knesset | |
| Official name | Hebrew: הושענא רבא |
| Also called | Translation: "The Great Supplication" |
| Observed by | Judaism and Jews |
| Type | Jewish |
| Significance | The culmination of Sukkot. |
| Date | 21st day of Tishrei |
| Related to | Culmination of Sukkot (Tabernacles) |
The seventh day of the Jewish holiday of Sukkot, 21st day of Tishrei, is known as Hosha'na Rabba (הושענא רבא, in Aramaic, Great Hoshana/ Supplication). This day is marked by a special synagogue service, the Hoshana Rabba, in which seven circuits are made by the worshippers with their lulav and etrog, while the congregation recites Hosha'not. It is customary for the scrolls of the Torah to be removed from the ark during this procession. In a few communities a shofar is sounded after each circuit.
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[edit] Themes
[edit] Final judgement
Hosha'na Rabba is known as the day of the final sealing of judgment, which began on Rosh Hashanah. During the festival of Sukkot the world is judged for water. The seventh day of the festival is the final sealing and since human life depends on water, Hosha'na Rabba is somewhat similar to Yom Kippur. Hence there are additional prayers and requests for repentance as on Yom Kippur. In this spirit, the cantor wears a kittel as on the High Holidays. Hosha'na Rabba has an interesting status as sort of a High Holiday (due to it being the final day for judgment) and in between a Chol HaMoed and full-fledged Yom Tov, and in this spirit the cantor, in the Ashkenazic tradition, recites the service using High Holiday, Festival, Weekday, and Sabbath melodies interchangeably.
Among Sephardi Jews, prayers known as "Selichot" (forgiveness) are recited before the regular morning service (these are the same prayers recited before Rosh Hashanah). In Amsterdam and in a few places in England, America, and elsewhere, the shofar is also sounded in connection with the processions. The latter practice reflects the idea that Hosha'na Rabba is the end of the High Holy Day season, when the world is judged for the coming year.
[edit] Evening prior to Hosha'na Raba
It is customary to read the whole of Tehillim (Psalms) on Hosha'na Rabba eve. There is also a custom to read the book of Deuteronomy on the night of Hosha'na Rabba.
[edit] Rituals and customs
The reasons for many of the customs of the day are rooted in Kabbalah.
[edit] Seven hoshanot
The modern day observance of the rituals of Hosha'a Rabba are reminiscent of the practices that existed in the times of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. During Sukkot, the four species are taken in a circuit around (inscribing the perimeter, not circumscribing the actual building) the synagogue once daily. On Hosha'na Rabba, there are seven circuits.
Making a circuit around the reading desk on Sukkot while each person holds the Four species in his hands has its origin in the Temple service, as recorded in the Mishnah: "It was customary to make one procession around the altar on each day of Sukkot,and seven on the seventh day" [Sukkah 4:5]. The priests carried the palm branches or willows in their hands. The entire ceremony is to demonstrate rejoicing and gratitude for a blessed and fruitful year. Moreover, it serves to tear down the iron wall that separates us from our Father in Heaven, as the wall of Jericho was encompassed "and the wall fell down flat" (Joshua 6). Furthermore, the seven circuits correspond to the seven words in the verse Erhatz benikayon kappay, va'asovevah et mizbahakha Hashem - "I wash my hands in purity and circle around Your altar, O Lord" (Psalms 26:6).
Each "hosha'na" is done in honor of a patriach.
- Abraham
- Isaac
- Jacob
- Moses (the most important Hebrew prophet)
- Aaron (Moses's brother, the first Kohen Gadol, or High Priest)
- Joseph (the three Patriarchs and Jacob's most famous son)
- David (the most important king of Israel)
[edit] Tikkun Hosha'na Rabba
Abudarham speaks of the custom of reading the Torah on the night of Hosha'na Rabba, out of which has grown the modern custom of meeting socially on that night and reading from Deuteronomy, Psalms, and passages from the Zohar; reciting Kabbalistic prayers; and eating refreshments. In Orthodox Jewish circles, some men will stay up all night learning Torah.
Sephardim have a tradition of staying up the entire night on the eve of this day. Throughout the night in the synagogues, Torah learning takes place as well as praying the Selichot prayers. The entire book of Deuteronomy is read and reviewed. The reason for this is because this book is considered by some as a "review" of the entire Torah, but also because in the Torah portion cycle, the book of Deuteronomy is about to be completed the following days on Simchat Torah.
In some Hasidic communities, the entire book of Deuteronomy is read, followed by a tish in honor of the festival. After the tish, the entire book of Psalms is read, with Kabbalistic prayers being recited at five points of the reading.
[edit] Five willow branches
At the conclusion of a number of Piyyutim (liturgical poems), five willow branches are beaten on the ground or other surface to symbolize the elimination of sin. This is also symbolic as a prayer for rain and success in agriculture. According to the Kabbalah, beating the ground with the five willow branches is done to "Sweeten the Five Severities". There is no blessing said for this ritual, but the Aramaic expression "chabit, chabit velah barich" is chanted.
[edit] Prayers for Messiah
The hosha'not are accompanied by a series of liturgical verses ending with, "Kol mevasser, mevasser ve-omer" (A voice brings news, brings news and says)—expressing hope for the speedy coming of the Messiah.
[edit] Other
One should not look at the sky at night on this holiday because you would be able to see the future of the upcoming year if you did (Zohar).[citation needed]
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
| Jewish and Israeli holidays | |
|---|---|
| Jewish holidays | Shabbat · Rosh Chodesh · Rosh Hashanah · Fast of Gedalia · Yom Kippur · Sukkot · Hoshanah Rabbah · Shemini Atzeret · Simchat Torah · Hanukkah · Tenth of Tevet · Tu Bishvat · Fast of Esther · Purim · Fast of the Firstborn · Pesach · Counting of the Omer · Lag Ba'omer · Shavuot · 17th of Tammuz · The Three Weeks · The Nine Days · Tisha B'Av · Tu B'Av |
| National holidays of Israel | Yom HaShoah · Yom Hazikaron · Yom Ha'atzmaut · Yom Yerushalayim |
