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The Japanese in Hawaii are one of the major and most influential ethnic groups in Hawaii. At one time they constituted 40% of Hawaii's population, but their numbers have been reduced to 16.7% according to the 2000 U.S. Census. (The U.S. Census separately categorizes mixed-race individuals, so the proportion of people with some Japanese ancestry is likely much larger.)[1] However, the Japanese enjoy continued economic and political influence in the islands.[citation needed]
The first Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii in 1868 as contract laborers in the sugar cane and pineapple plantations.[2] In the 1890s, worrying about the increasing Americanization of their US-born children, they set up the first Japanese schools in the United States; by 1920, such schools enrolled 98% of all Japanese children in Hawaii. Statistics for 1934 showed 183 schools teaching a total of 41,192 students.[3][4][5]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ US Census 2000: [1]
- ^ Morimoto 1997: 17
- ^ Harada 1934: 43
- ^ M. Takagi 1987: 18
- ^ Asato 2005
[edit] Sources
- Asato, Noriko (September 2005). Teaching Mikadoism: The Attack on Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii, California, and Washington, 1919-1927. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
- Morimoto, Toyotomi (1997). Japanese Americans and Cultural Continuity: Maintaining Language through Heritage (Garland Reference Library of Social Science). United Kingdom: Routledge.
- Takagi, Mariko (1987). Moral Education in Pre-War Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
- Harada, Koichi Glenn (1934). A Survey of the Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
- United States Census 2000. United States Census Bureau (April 2000). Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
