Kalash language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Kalash | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Pakistan | |
| Region: | Pakistan: North-West Frontier Province | |
| Total speakers: | approx. 3,000 - 6,000 | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Dardic Chitrali languages Kalash |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | — | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Kalash or Kalasha (also known as Kalasha-mun) is an Indo-European language in the Indo-Iranian branch, further classified as a Dardic language in the Chitral Group. However, this Dardic classification is questionable because only 53% of the commonly used words in Kalash have cognates in Khowar language. The Kalash language is phonologically atypical because it contrasts plain, long, nasal, and retroflex vowels as well as combinations of these (Heegård & Mørch 2004).
Kalash is spoken by the Kalash people who reside in the remote valleys of Bumboret, Birir and Rumbur, which are west of Ayun, which is ten miles down the river from Chitral Town, high in the Hindu Kush mountains in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. The Kalash have their own religion, with gods and goddesses. Most have been converted to Islam, but there are still about 3,000 believers in old religion. There are an estimated 6,000 speakers of Kalash, of which 3,000 still follow the Kalash religion and the other 3,000 have converted to Islam.
However, all this is disputed. According to Richard Strand, who is the world's leading authority on this subject, "Kalasha" is a regional name for an area South of the Kalash Valleys and in the area of Asadabad. The term "Kalasa" seems to be mostly used for different peoples of the region, which don’t have a close relation. Richard Strand's map which is posted on his website shows "Kalasha" (orange colored) as being a place about 50 miles south of the Kalash Valleys. http://users.sedona.net/~strand/lngMap.html
Note, there is no closer connection between Kalasha-mun and Kalasha-ala. These two languages descend from different branches of the Indo-Iranian language. According to linguist Richard Strand the Kalash of Chitral apparently adopted the term of the former Kafiristan Kalash, who at some unknown time extended their influence into the region of Chitral.
Meanwhile, the Kafiristan Kafiri over in Kafiristan were converted to Islam by King Abdul Rehman in 1895. They are now known as Nuristani.
History contains references to "Siah-Posh Kafirs". Timur fought with them. Babur advised not to tangle with them. Alexander the Great encountered them. Genghis Khan passed by them. However, there is a question whether these were the Red or the Black Kafirs, or both. It has been widely assumed that these were the Red Kafirs who were thought of as fierce and independent, as opposed to the Black Kafirs, who were somewhat subservient to the King of Chitral. On the other hand, the word "Siah-Posh Kafirs" translates to mean "Black Robed Kafirs", as the word "siah" means "black", so it seems possible that it was the Black and not the Red Kafirs who fought against and defeated Tamurlane.
The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalash, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gujar, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian.
[edit] References
- The Kalasha. Retrieved July 02, 2006, from Richard F. Strand: Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush [1].
- Kalasha. Retrieved July 19, 2006, from Ethnologue: Languages of the World, fifteenth edition. SIL International. Online version.
- Decker, Kendall D. (1992) Languages of Chitral http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=32850
- "Atlas Linguistique Des Parles Dardes Et Kafirs" by Gerard Fussman (two volumes). Maps showing distribution of words among people of Kafiristan.
- Heegård, Jan & Ida Elisabeth Mørch, 2004, "Retroflex vowels and other peculiarities in Kalasha sound system". In: Anju Saxena and Jadranka Gvozdanovic (eds.), Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects of Himalayan Linguistics, Selected Proceedings of the 7th Himalayan Languages Symposium held in Uppsala, Sweden. The Hague: Mouton.
- Khowar English Dictionary (by Mohammad Ismail Sloan, 1981) (published in Pakistan)
- Jettmar, Karl (1985) Religions of the Hindu Kush ISBN 0-85668-163-6
- Morgenstierne, Georg (1926) Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan. Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie C I-2. Oslo.
- The Kafirs of the Hindukush (1896) Sir George Scott Robertson.
[edit] External links
- Richard F. Strand: Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush
- Sam Sloan: History of Chitral
- Sam Sloan: Afiyat, a Beautiful Kalash Girl
- Reiko and Jun's Japanese Kalash Page
- Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List
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| Indic (Indo-Aryan) | Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit · Prakrit: Pāli - Magadhi · Mitanni · Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) · Hindustani (Registers: Hindi, Urdu) · Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Dhivehi · Dogri · Gujarati · Konkani · Mahl · Maithili · Marathi · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Romani · Sindhi · Sinhala |
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| Dardic | Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Pashayi · Palula · Shina · Shumashti |
| Nuristani | Askunu · Kamkata-viri · Tregami · Vasi-vari · Waigali |
