User:Karlhahn/KarlsSandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This page is intended to show what I've been up to as a Wikipedian, and what I am working on

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Link to archived sandbox material (old drafts of various stuff).

Useful link to lots of stuff for Wikipedia authoring.

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Contents 1 Nonexhaustive list of my contributions (in chronological order) 2 Some left-over drafts of various contributions follow 3 Castner-Kellner process 3.1 Process details 4 Extraction of Copper from its Ores 5 Draft: Tide Prediction 6 Chlorine Compounds 7 Density of ethanol at various temperatures 8 Properties of aqueous ethanol solutions 9 Properties of aqueous methanol solutions 10 Notes

[edit] Nonexhaustive list of my contributions (in chronological order)

Added table to solubility product on 29-Aug-2006

Vapor over liquid tables for Ammonia (data page) are now published to main namespace (5-Oct-2006)

Programmer's Guide to Hebrew Calender published in Hebrew calendar on 6-Oct-2006.

Rewrite on "Solubility of calcium carbonate in water" from Calcium carbonate published to that article on 11-Oct-2006.

New sections published to surface tension on 12-Oct-2006.

Translated data (from German page) published to water (data page) on 14-Oct-2006

Added sections lead#Descriptive chemistry and lead#Processing of metal from ore on 10-Dec-2006.

Published Frederick Jacobi biography article on 22-Dec-2006.

Published Castner-Kellner process on 4-March-2007 and major update to Castner process on 6-March-2007.

Added oxidation states section to chlorine#Compounds on 18-March-2007.

Published initial version of Azeotrope (data) on 21-March-2007. Made additions to it since.

Added aqueous solution properties table to ethanol (data page) on 30-March-2007

Currently working on Surface tension (supplement) and on Tide Prediction.

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[edit] Some left-over drafts of various contributions follow

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[edit] Castner-Kellner process

The Castner-Kellner process is a method of electrolysis on an aqueous alkali chloride solution (usually sodium chloride solution) to produce the corresponding alkali hydroxide.

[edit] Process details

The aparatus shown is divided into two types of cells separated by slate walls. The first type, shown on the right and left of the diagram, uses an electrolyte of of sodium chloride solution, a graphite anode (A), and a mercury cathode (M). The other type of cell, shown in the center of the diagram, uses an electrolyte of sodium hydroxide solution, a mercury anode (M), and an iron cathode (D). Note that the mercury electrode is shared between the two cells. This is achieved by having the walls separating the cells dip below the level of the electrolytes but still allow the mercury to flow beneath them.

The reaction at anode (A) is:

2Cl^– → Cl₂ + 2e^–

The chlorine gas that results vents at the top of the outside cells where it is collected as a byproduct of the process. The reaction at the mercury cathode in the outer cells is

2Na⁺ + 2e^– → 2Na (amalgam)

The sodium metal formed by this reaction dissolves in the mercury to form an amalgam. The mercury conducts the current from the outside cells to the inside cell. In addition, a rocking mechanism (B shown by fulcrum on the left and rotating eccentric on the right) agitates the mercury to transport the dissolved sodium metal from the outside cells to the inside cell.

The anode reaction in the center cell takes place at the interface between the mercury and the sodium hydroxide solution.

2Na + 2e^– → 2Na⁺

Finally at the iron cathode (D) of the center cell the reaction is

2H₂O + 2e^– → 2OH^– + H₂

The net effect is that the concentration of sodium chloride in the outside cells decreases and the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the center cell increases.

[edit] Extraction of Copper from its Ores

Name	Formula	% Copper when pure
Chalcopyrite	CuFeS2	34.5
Chalcocite	CuS	79.8
Bornite	2Cu2S•CuS•FeS	63.3
Tetrahedrite	Cu3SbS3 + x(Fe,Zn)6Sb2S9	32-45
Malachite	CuCO3•Cu(OH)2	57.3
Azurite	2CuCO3•Cu(OH)2	55.1
Cuprite	Cu2O	88.8
Chrysocolla	CuO•SiO2•2H2O	37.9
Principal Copper-bearing Minerals[1]

Most copper ores contain one or more of the copper-bearing minerals shown in the table. Ores containing as little as 1% copper can be economically exploited. Ores are crushed then concentrated a combination of gravity separation and froth floatation. The resulting concentrate is about 30% copper, having extracted 90% of the copper in the original ore.

Most copper ores contain large amounts of sulfides. These ores are roasted prior to smelting. The smelting is done by reverberatory furnace, although blast furnaces were used in the past. At around 1500°C the charge separates into layers of slag (silicates) and matte (sulfides). This also has the effect of separating much of the iron content of the ore because copper preferentially collects in the matte layer while iron preferentially collects in the slag.

Copper mattes from the reverberatory furnace are then separated from the remaining iron and converted to metal by heating them in an air blow, which effects the following reactions:

2FeS + 3O₂ → 2FeO + 2SO₂

2Cu₂S + 3O₂ → 2Cu₂O + 2SO₂

Cu₂S + 2Cu₂O → 6Cu + SO₂

The addition of silica absorbs the FeO into a silicate slag layer. The remaining metal layer is poured off and cast as impure blister copper. Impurities are primarily arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and precious metals. To obtain copper pure enough for electrical products, the blister copper must be electrolytically refined. Anodes are cast from blister copper. Cathodes are made of thin rolled sheets of pure copper. The electrolyte is a 10-16% aqueous sulfuric acid solution with 3-4% dissoved copper(II) ions. The cell requires only a 0.2-0.4 volt potential. At the anode, copper and less noble metals dissolve. More noble metals such as silver and gold settle to the bottom of the cell as anode mud, which form a saleable byproduct. At the cathode, copper metal plates out but less noble metals remain in solution. The process results in copper that is 99.9% pure.^[1]

[edit] Draft: Tide Prediction

Objective: Plan to explain the method of harmonic constituents as detailed in U.S. Govt. Special Publication 98^[2]

Redirects will include Tidal Prediction Tidal Constituent Tidal Constituents Harmonic Constituent Harmonic Constitutents

[edit] Chlorine Compounds

Oxidation state	Name	Forumula	Example compounds
–1	chlorides	Cl–	ionic chlorides, organic chlorides, hydrochloric acid
0	chlorine	Cl2	elemental chlorine
+1	hypochlorites	ClO–	sodium and calcium hypochlorite
+3	chlorites	ClO2–	sodium chlorite
+5	chlorates	ClO3–	sodium chlorate, potassium chlorate
+7	perchlorates	ClO4–	potassium perchlorate, perchloric acid, organic perchlorates, ammonium perchlorate, magnesium perchlorate

Chlorine exists in all odd numbered oxidation states from –1 to +7, as well as the elemental state of zero. Progressing through the states, hydrogen chloride gas can be oxidized using manganese dioxide or catalytically by air to elemental chlorine gas. The solubility of chlorine in water is increased if the water contains dissolved alkali hydroxide. This is due to disproportionation:

Cl₂ + 2OH^– → Cl^– + ClO^– + H₂O

In hot concentrated alkali solution disproportionation continues:

2ClO^– → Cl^– + ClO₂–

ClO^– + ClO₂^– → Cl^– + ClO₃^–

Potassium chlorate can be crystalized from solutions formed by the above reactions. If its crystals are heated, it undergoes the final disproportionation step.

ClO^– + ClO₃^– → Cl^– + ClO₄^–

This same progression from chloride to perchlorate can be accomplished by electrolysis. The anode reaction progression is:

Cl^– + H₂O → ClO^– + 2H⁺ + 2e^–

ClO^– + H₂O → ClO₂^– + 2H⁺ + 2e^–

ClO₂^– + H₂O → ClO₃^– + 2H⁺ + 2e^–

ClO₃^– + H₂O → ClO₄^– + 2H⁺ + 2e^–

Each step is accompanied at the cathode by

2H⁺ + 2e^– → H₂

[edit] Density of ethanol at various temperatures

Data obtained from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed.

Temp.	Density		Temp.	Density		Temp.	Density
0°C	0.80625		13°C	0.79535		26°C	0.78437
1°C	0.80541		14°C	0.79451		27°C	0.78352
2°C	0.80457		15°C	0.79367		28°C	0.78267
3°C	0.80374		16°C	0.79283		29°C	0.78182
4°C	0.80290		17°C	0.79198		30°C	0.78097
5°C	0.80207		18°C	0.79114		31°C	0.78012
6°C	0.80123		19°C	0.79029		32°C	0.77927
7°C	0.80039		20°C	0.78945		33°C	0.77841
8°C	0.79956		21°C	0.78860		34°C	0.77756
9°C	0.79872		22°C	0.78775		35°C	0.77671
10°C	0.79788		23°C	0.78691		36°C	0.77585
11°C	0.79704		24°C	0.78606		37°C	0.77500
12°C	0.79620		25°C	0.78522		38°C	0.77414
						39°C	0.77329

[edit] Properties of aqueous ethanol solutions

Data obtained from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. The annotation, d a°C/b°C, indicates density of solution at temperature a divided by density of pure water at temperature b.

% wt ethanol	% vol ethanol	grams ethanol per 100 cc 15.56°C	d 10°C/4°C	d 20°C/4°C	d 25°C/4°C	d 30°C/4°C	d 20°C/20°C	d 25°C/25°C	freezing temp.
0.0	0.0	0.0	0.99973	0.99823	0.99708	0.99568	1.00000	1.00000	0°C
1.0			0.99785	0.99636	0.99520	0.99379	0.99813	0.99811
2.0			0.99602	0.99453	0.99336	0.99194	0.99629	0.99627
2.5	3.13			0.99363					–1°C
3.0			0.99426	0.99275	0.99157	0.99014	0.99451	0.99447
4.0	5.00	3.97	0.99258	0.99103	0.98984	0.98839	0.99279	0.99274
4.8	6.00	4.76		0.98971					–2°C
5.0			0.99098	0.98938	0.98817	0.98670	0.99113	0.99106
5.05	6.30	5.00		0.98930
6.0			0.98946	0.98780	0.98656	0.98507	0.98955	0.98945
6.8	8.47			0.98658					–3°C
7.0			0.98801	0.98627	0.98500	0.98347	0.98802	0.98788
8.0			0.98660	0.98478	0.98346	0.98189	0.98653	0.98634
9.0			0.98524	0.98331	0.98193	0.98031	0.98505	0.98481
10.0	12.40	9.84	0.98393	0.98187	0.98043	0.97575	0.98361	0.98330
11.0			0.98267	0.98047	0.97897	0.97723	0.98221	0.98184
11.3	14.0	11.11		0.98006					–5°C
12.0			0.98145	0.97910	0.97753	0.97573	0.98084	0.98039
13.0			0.98026	0.97775	0.97611	0.97424	0.97948	0.97897
13.78	17.00	13.49		0.98658					–6.1°C
14.0			0.97911	0.97643	0.97472	0.97278	0.97816	0.97757
15.0			0.97800	0.97514	0.97334	0.97133	0.97687	0.97619
15.02	18.50	14.68		0.97511
16.0			0.97692	0.97387	0.97199	0.96990	0.97560	0.97484
16.4	20.2			0.97336					–7.5°C
17.0			0.97583	0.97259	0.97062	0.96844	0.97431	0.97346
17.5	21.5			0.97194					–8.7°C
18.0	22.10	17.54	0.97473	0.97129	0.96923	0.96697	0.97301	0.97207
18.8	23.1			0.97024					–9.4°C
19.0			0.97363	0.96997	0.96782	0.96547	0.97169	0.97065
20.0			0.97252	0.96864	0.96639	0.96395	0.97036	0.96922
20.01	24.50	19.44		0.96863
20.3	24.8			0.96823					–10.6°C
21.0			0.97139	0.96729	0.96495	0.96242	0.96901	0.96778
22.0			0.97024	0.96592	0.96348	0.96087	0.96763	0.96630
22.11	27.00	21.43		0.96578					–12.2°C
23.0			0.96907	0.96453	0.96199	0.95929	0.96624	0.96481
24.0			0.96787	0.96312	0.96048	0.95769	0.96483	0.96329
24.2	29.5			0.96283					–14.0°C
25.0	30.40	24.12	0.96665	0.96168	0.95895	0.95607	0.96339	0.96176
26.0			0.96539	0.96020	0.95738	0.95422	0.96190	0.96018
26.7	32.4			0.95914					–16.0°C
27.0			0.96406	0.95867	0.95576	0.95272	0.96037	0.95856
28.0	33.90	26.90	0.96268	0.95710	0.95410	0.95098	0.95880	0.95689
29.0			0.96125	0.95548	0.95241	0.94922	0.95717	0.95520
29.9	36.1			0.95400					–18.9°C
30.0	36.20	28.73	0.95977	0.95382	0.95067	0.94741	0.95551	0.95345
31.0			0.95823	0.95212	0.94890	0.94557	0.95381	0.95168
32.0			0.95665	0.95038	0.94709	0.94370	0.95207	0.94986
33.0			0.95502	0.94860	0.94525	0.94180	0.95028	0.94802
33.8	40.5			0.94715					–23.6°C
34.0			0.95334	0.94679	0.94337	0.93986	0.94847	0.94613
35.0			0.95162	0.94494	0.94146	0.93790	0.94662	0.94422
35.04	41.90	33.25		0.94486
36.0			0.94986	0.94306	0.93952	0.93591	0.94473	0.94227
37.0			0.94805	0.94114	0.93756	0.93390	0.94281	0.94031
38.0			0.94620	0.93919	0.93556	0.93186	0.94086	0.93830
39.0	46.3		0.94431	0.93720	0.93353	0.92979	0.93886	0.93626	–28.7°C
40.0			0.94238	0.93518	0.93148	0.92770	0.93684	0.93421
40.04	47.40	37.61		0.93510
41.0			0.94042	0.93314	0.92940	0.92558	0.93479	0.93212
42.0			0.93842	0.93107	0.92729	0.92344	0.93272	0.93001
43.0			0.93639	0.92897	0.92516	0.92128	0.93062	0.92787
44.0			0.93433	0.92685	0.92301	0.91910	0.92849	0.92571
45.0			0.93226	0.92472	0.92085	0.91692	0.92636	0.92355
45.31	53.00	42.07		0.92406
46.0			0.93017	0.92257	0.91868	0.91472	0.92421	0.92137
46.3	53.8			0.92193					–33.9°C
47.0			0.92806	0.92041	0.91649	0.91250	0.92204	0.91917
48.0			0.92593	0.91823	0.91429	0.91028	0.91986	0.91697
49.0			0.92379	0.91604	0.91208	0.90805	0.91766	0.91475
50.0			0.92162	0.91384	0.90985	0.90580	0.91546	0.91251
50.16	58.0	46.04		0.91349
51.0			0.91943	0.91160	0.90760	0.90353	0.91322	0.91026
52.0			0.91723	0.90936	0.90524	0.90125	0.91097	0.90799
53.0			0.91502	0.90711	0.90307	0.89896	0.90872	0.90571
54.0			0.91279	0.90485	0.90079	0.89667	0.90645	0.90343
55.0			0.91055	0.90258	0.89850	0.89437	0.90418	0.90113
55.16	63.0	50.00		0.90220
56.0			0.90831	0.90031	0.89621	0.89206	0.90191	0.89833
56.1	63.6			0.90008					–41.0°C
57.0			0.90607	0.89803	0.89392	0.88975	0.89962	0.89654
58.0			0.90381	0.89574	0.89162	0.88744	0.89733	0.89423
59.0			0.90154	0.89344	0.88931	0.88512	0.89502	0.89191
60.0			0.89927	0.89113	0.88699	0.88278	0.89271	0.88959
60.33	68.0	53.98		0.89038
61.0			0.89898	0.88882	0.88466	0.88044	0.89040	0.88725
62.0			0.89468	0.88650	0.88233	0.87809	0.88807	0.88491
63.0			0.89237	0.88417	0.87998	0.87574	0.88574	0.88256
64.0			0.89006	0.88183	0.87763	0.87337	0.88339	0.88020
65.0			0.88774	0.87948	0.87527	0.87100	0.88104	0.87783
66.0			0.88541	0.87713	0.87291	0.86863	0.87869	0.87547
67.0			0.88308	0.87477	0.87054	0.86625	0.87632	0.87309
68.0			0.88071	0.87241	0.86817	0.86387	0.87396	0.87071
69.0			0.87839	0.87004	0.86579	0.86148	0.87158	0.86833
70.0			0.87602	0.86766	0.86340	0.85908	0.86920	0.86593
71.0			0.87365	0.86527	0.86100	0.85667	0.86680	0.86352
71.9	78.3			0.86311					–51.3°C
72.0			0.87127	0.86287	0.85859	0.85426	0.86440	0.86110
73.0			0.86888	0.86047	0.85618	0.85184	0.86200	0.85869
74.0			0.86648	0.85806	0.85376	0.84941	0.85958	0.85626
75.0			0.86408	0.85564	0.85135	0.84698	0.85716	0.85383
76.0			0.86168	0.85322	0.84891	0.84455	0.85473	0.85140
77.0			0.85927	0.85079	0.84647	0.84211	0.85230	0.84895
78.0			0.85685	0.84835	0.84403	0.83966	0.84985	0.84650
79.0			0.85422	0.84590	0.84158	0.83720	0.84740	0.84404
80.0			0.85197	0.84344	0.83911	0.83473	0.84494	0.84157
81.0			0.84950	0.84096	0.83664	0.83224	0.84245	0.83909
82.0			0.84702	0.83848	0.83415	0.82974	0.83997	0.83659
83.0			0.84453	0.83599	0.83164	0.82724	0.83747	0.83408
84.0			0.84203	0.83348	0.82913	0.82473	0.83496	0.83156
85.0			0.83951	0.83095	0.82660	0.82220	0.83242	0.82902
86.0			0.83697	0.82840	0.82405	0.81965	0.82987	0.82646
87.0			0.83441	0.82323	0.82148	0.81708	0.82729	0.82389
88.0			0.83181	0.82323	0.81888	0.81448	0.82469	0.82128
89.0			0.82919	0.82062	0.81626	0.81186	0.82207	0.81865
90.0			0.82654	0.81797	0.81362	0.80922	0.81942	0.81600
91.00	94.00	74.62	0.82386	0.81529	0.81094	0.80655	0.81674	0.81331
92.0			0.82114	0.81257	0.80823	0.80384	0.81401	0.81060
93.0			0.81839	0.80983	0.80549	0.80111	0.81127	0.80785
94.0			0.81561	0.80705	0.80272	0.79835	0.80848	0.80507
95.0			0.81278	0.80424	0.79991	0.79555	0.80567	0.80225
96.0			0.80991	0.80138	0.79706	0.79271	0.80280	0.79939
97.0			0.80698	0.79846	0.79415	0.78981	0.79988	0.79648
98.0			0.80399	0.79547	0.79117	0.78684	0.79688	0.79349
99.0			0.80094	0.79243	0.78814	0.78382	0.79383	0.79045
100.0	100.0	79.39	0.79784	0.78934	0.78506	0.78075	0.79074	0.78736	−114.3 °C
% wt ethanol	% vol ethanol	grams ethanol per 100 cc 15.56°C	d 10°C/4°C	d 20°C/4°C	d 25°C/4°C	d 30°C/4°C	d 20°C/20°C	d 25°C/25°C	freezing temp.

[edit] Properties of aqueous methanol solutions

% wt methanol	% vol methanol	d 15.6°C/4°C	d 0°C/4°C	d 10°C/4°C	d 20°C/4°C	freezing temp °C
0	0	0.99908	0.99984	0.99970	0.99820	0.0
1	1.25	0.99728	0.9981	0.9980	0.9965
2	2.50	0.99543	0.9963	0.9962	0.9943
3	3.75	0.99370	0.9946	0.9945	0.9931
3.9	5	0.9938				–2.2
4	4.99	0.99198	0.9930	0.9929	0.9914
5	6.22	0.99029	0.9914	0.9912	0.9896
6	7.45	0.98864	0.9899	0.9896	0.9880
7	8.68	0.98701	0.9884	0.9881	0.9863
8	9.91	0.98547	0.9870	0.9865	0.9847
8.1	10	0.9872				–5.0
9	11.13	0.98547	0.9856	0.9849	0.9831
10	12.35	0.98241	0.9842	0.9834	0.9815
11	13.56	0.98093	0.9829	0.9820	0.9799
12	14.77	0.97945	0.9816	0.9805	0.9784
12.2	15	0.9810				–8.3
13	15.98	0.97802	0.9804	0.9791	0.9768
14	17.18	0.97660	0.9792	0.9778	0.9754
15	18.38	0.97518	0.9780	0.9764	0.9740
16	19.58	0.97377	0.9769	0.9751	0.9725
16.4	20	0.975				–11.7
17	20.77	0.97237	0.9758	0.9739	0.9710
18	21.96	0.97096	0.9747	0.9726	0.9696
19	23.15	0.96955	0.9736	0.9713	0.9681
20	24.33	0.96814	0.9725	0.9700	0.9666
20.6	25	0.968				–15.6
21	25.51	0.96673	0.9714	0.9687	0.9651
22	26.69	0.96533	0.9702	0.9673	0.9636
23	27.86	0.96392	0.9690	0.9660	0.9622
24	29.03	0.96251	0.9678	0.9646	0.9607
24.9	30	0.964				–20.0
25	30.19	0.96108	0.9666	0.9632	0.9592
26	31.35	0.95963	0.9654	0.9628	0.9576
27	32.51	0.95817	0.9642	0.9604	0.9562
28	33.66	0.95668	0.9629	0.9590	0.9546
29	34.81	0.95518	0.9616	0.9575	0.9531
29.2	35	0.957				–25.0
30	35.95	0.95366	0.9604	0.9560	0.9515
31	37.09	0.95213	0.9590	0.9546	0.9499
32	38.22	0.95056	0.9576	0.9531	0.9483
33	39.35	0.94896	0.9563	0.9516	0.9466
33.6	40	0.950				–30.0
34	40.48	0.94734	0.9549	0.9500	0.9450
35	41.59	0.94570	0.9534	0.9484	0.9433
36	42.71	0.94404	0.9520	0.9469	0.9416
37	43.82	0.94237	0.9505	0.9453	0.9398
38	44.92	0.94067	0.9490	0.9437	0.9381	–35.6
39	46.02	0.93894	0.9475	0.9420	0.9363
40	47.11	0.93720	0.9459	0.9403	0.9345
41	48.20	0.93543	0.9443	0.9387	0.9327
42	49.28	0.93365	0.9427	0.9370	0.9309
43	50.35	0.93185	0.9411	0.9352	0.9290
44	51.42	0.93001	0.9395	0.9334	0.9272
45	52.49	0.92815	0.9377	0.9316	0.9252
46	53.54	0.92627	0.9360	0.9298	0.9234
47	54.60	0.92436	0.9342	0.9279	0.9214
48	55.64	0.92242	0.9324	0.9260	0.9196
49	56.68	0.92048	0.9306	0.9240	0.9176
50	57.71	0.91852	0.9287	0.9221	0.9156
51	58.74	0.91653	0.9269	0.9202	0.9135
52	59.76	0.91451	0.9250	0.9182	0.9114
53	60.77	0.91248	0.9230	0.9162	0.9094
54	61.78	0.91044	0.9211	0.9142	0.9073
55	62.78	0.90839	0.9191	0.9122	0.9052
56	63.78	0.90631	0.9172	0.9101	0.9032
57	64.77	0.90421	0.9151	0.9080	0.9010
58	65.75	0.90210	0.9131	0.9060	0.8988
59	66.73	0.89996	0.9111	0.9039	0.8968
60	67.69	0.89781	0.9090	0.9018	0.8946
61	68.65	0.89563	0.9068	0.8998	0.8924
62	69.61	0.89341	0.9046	0.8977	0.8902
63	70.55	0.89117	0.9024	0.8955	0.8879
64	71.49	0.88890	0.9002	0.8933	0.8856
65	72.42	0.88662	0.8980	0.8911	0.8834
66	73.34	0.88433	0.8958	0.8888	0.8811
67	74.26	0.88203	0.8935	0.8865	0.8787
68	75.17	0.87971	0.8913	0.8842	0.8763
69	76.08	0.87739	0.8891	0.8818	0.8738
70	76.98	0.87507	0.8869	0.8794	0.8715
71	77.86	0.87271	0.8847	0.8770	0.8690
72	78.75	0.87033	0.8824	0.8747	0.8665
73	79.62	0.86792	0.8801	0.8724	0.8641
74	80.48	0.86546	0.8778	0.8699	0.8616
75	81.34	0.86300	0.8754	0.8676	0.8592
76	82.18	0.86051	0.8729	0.8651	0.8567
77	83.02	0.85801	0.8705	0.8626	0.8542
78	83.86	0.85551	0.8680	0.8602	0.8518
79	84.68	0.85300	0.8657	0.8577	0.8494
80	85.50	0.85048	0.8634	0.8551	0.8469
81	86.31	0.84794	0.8610	0.8527	0.8446
82	87.11	0.84536	0.8585	0.8501	0.8420
83	87.90	0.84274	0.8560	0.8475	0.8394
84	88.68	0.84009	0.8535	0.8449	0.8366
85	89.45	0.83742	0.8510	0.8422	0.8340
86	90.21	0.83475	0.8483	0.8394	0.8314
87	90.97	0.83207	0.8456	0.8367	0.8286
88	91.72	0.82937	0.8428	0.8340	0.8258
89	92.46	0.82667	0.8400	0.8314	0.8230
90	93.19	0.82396	0.8374	0.8287	0.8202
91	93.92	0.82124	0.8347	0.8261	0.8174
92	94.63	0.81849	0.8320	0.8234	0.8146
93	95.33	0.81568	0.8293	0.8208	0.8118
94	96.02	0.81285	0.8266	0.8180	0.8090
95	96.70	0.80999	0.8240	0.8152	0.8062
96	97.37	0.80713	0.8212	0.8124	0.8034
97	98.04	0.80428	0.8186	0.8096	0.8005
98	98.70	0.80143	0.8158	0.8068	0.7976
99	99.35	0.79859	0.8130	0.8040	0.7948
100	100	0.79577	0.8102	0.8009	0.7917	–97.8
% wt methanol	% vol methanol	d 15.6°C/4°C	d 0°C/4°C	d 10°C/4°C	d 20°C/4°C	freezing temp °C

[edit] Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Samans, Carl H. Engineering Metals and their Alloys MacMillan 1949
2. ^ Schureman, Paul: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Special Publication 98.