Limbu script
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Limbu | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type: | ||
| Languages: | Limbu language | |
| Time period: | ||
| ISO 15924 code: | Limb | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
The Limbu alphabet, or Kirat-Sirijonga script, is a Brahmic script used to write the Limbu language of northern India and Nepal. The Limbu language is also written in Devanagari.
[edit] History
According to traditional histories, it was first invented in the late 9th century by the king Sirijonga Hang, then fell out of use, to be reintroduced in the 18th century by Te-ongsi Sirijonga (1704-1741?). This Sirijonga, who was believed to be the reincarnation of the first, was apparently martyred in 1741 (or 1743) for the sake of this script by the Sikkim Lamas, who tied him to a tree and flung poison arrows at him. The script was named 'Sirijonga' in his honour by the Limbu scholar Iman Singh Chemjong in 1925.
Unlike most other Brahmic scripts, it does not have separate independent vowel characters, instead using a vowel carrier letter with the appropriate dependent vowel attached.
[edit] Structure
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This article contains Indic text. Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. |
As an abugida, a basic letter represents both a consonant and an inherent, or default, vowel. In Limbu, the inherent vowel is /ɔ/.
| Letter | IPA | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ᤁ | /kɔ/ | |
| ᤂ | /kʰɔ/ | |
| ᤃ | /ɡɔ/ | |
| ᤄ | /ɡʰɔ/ | |
| ᤅ | /ŋɔ/ | |
| ᤆ | /cɔ/ | |
| ᤇ | /cʰɔ/ | |
| ᤈ | /ɟɔ/ | |
| ᤉ | /ɟʰɔ/ | Obsolete in modern Limbu. |
| ᤊ | /ɲɔ/ | Obsolete in modern Limbu. |
| ᤋ | /tɔ/ | |
| ᤌ | /tʰɔ/ | |
| ᤍ | /dɔ/ | |
| ᤎ | /dʰɔ/ | |
| ᤏ | /nɔ/ | |
| ᤐ | /pɔ/ | |
| ᤑ | /pʰɔ/ | |
| ᤒ | /bɔ/ | |
| ᤓ | /bʰɔ/ | |
| ᤔ | /mɔ/ | |
| ᤕ | /jɔ/ | |
| ᤖ | /rɔ/ | |
| ᤗ | /lɔ/ | |
| ᤘ | /wɔ/ | |
| ᤙ | /ʃɔ/ | |
| ᤚ | /ʂɔ/ | Obsolete in modern Limbu. |
| ᤛ | /sɔ/ | |
| ᤜ | /hɔ/ |
To change the inherent vowel, a diacritic is added. Shown here on /k/ (ᤁ):
| Appearance | IPA |
|---|---|
| ᤁᤡ | /ki/ |
| ᤁᤣ | /ke/ |
| ᤁᤧ | /kɛ/ |
| ᤁᤠ | /ka/ |
| ᤁᤨ | /kɔ/ |
| ᤁᤥ | /ko/ |
| ᤁᤢ | /ku/ |
| ᤁᤤ | /kai/ |
| ᤁᤦ | /kau/ |
ᤁᤨ represents the same thing as ᤁ. Some writers avoid the diacritic, considering it redundant.
Initial consonant clusters are written with small marks following the main consonant:
| Appearance | IPA |
|---|---|
| ᤁᤩ | /kjɔ/ |
| ᤁᤪ | /krɔ/ |
| ᤁᤫ | /kwɔ/ |
Final consonants after short vowels are written with another set of marks, except for some final consonants occurring only in loanwords. They follow the marks for consonant clusters, if any.
| Appearance | IPA |
|---|---|
| ᤁᤰ | /kɔk/ |
| ᤁᤱ | /kɔŋ/ |
| ᤁᤳ | /kɔt/ |
| ᤁᤴ | /kɔn/ |
| ᤁᤵ | /kɔp/ |
| ᤁᤶ | /kɔm/ |
| ᤁᤷ | /kɔr/ |
| ᤁᤸ | /kɔl/ |
Long vowels without a following final consonant are written with a diacritic called kemphreng:
| Appearance | IPA |
|---|---|
| ᤁ᤺ | /kɔː/ |
| ᤁᤡ᤺ | /kiː/ |
| ᤁᤣ᤺ | /keː/ |
| ᤁᤧ᤺ | /kɛː/ |
| ᤁᤠ᤺ | /kaː/ |
| ᤁᤨ᤺ | /kɔː/ |
| ᤁᤥ᤺ | /koː/ |
| ᤁᤢ᤺ | /kuː/ |
There are two systems for writing long vowels with syllable-final consonants. One system is simply a combination of the kemphreng and final consonant marks:
| Appearance | IPA |
|---|---|
| ᤁ᤺ᤰ | /kɔːk/ |
| ᤁ᤺ᤱ | /kɔːŋ/ |
| ᤁ᤺ᤳ | /kɔːt/ |
| ᤁ᤺ᤴ | /kɔːn/ |
| ᤁ᤺ᤵ | /kɔːp/ |
| ᤁ᤺ᤶ | /kɔːm/ |
| ᤁ᤺ᤷ | /kɔːr/ |
| ᤁ᤺ᤸ | /kɔːl/ |
The other is to write the final consonant with the basic letter, and a diacritic that marks both that the consonant is final, and that the preceding vowel is lengthened:
| Appearance | IPA |
|---|---|
| ᤁᤁ᤻ | /kɔːk/ |
| ᤁᤅ᤻ | /kɔːŋ/ |
| ᤁᤋ᤻ | /kɔːt/ |
| ᤁᤏ᤻ | /kɔːn/ |
| ᤁᤐ᤻ | /kɔːp/ |
| ᤁᤔ᤻ | /kɔːm/ |
| ᤁᤖ᤻ | /kɔːr/ |
| ᤁᤗ᤻ | /kɔːl/ |
This same diacritic may be used to mark final consonants in loanwords that do not have final forms in Limbu, regardless of the length of the vowel.
Glottalization is marked by a sign called mukphreng.
| Appearance | IPA |
|---|---|
| ᤁ᤹ | /kɔʔ/ |
