Mengjiang

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Mengjiang (Chinese: 蒙疆; pinyin: Měngjiāng; Wade-Giles: Meng-chiang; Postal map spelling: Mengkiang), also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was a puppet state in northern China controlled by Japan. It consisted of the then-provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia. It's occasionally nicknamed Mengkukuo or Mongokuo, after Manchukuo, another Japanese puppet state in China, amongst named Mongkyo in Japanese.

• The ruler was Demchugdongrub.
• The capital was Guihua.
• Era name: Genghiskhan (commemorating Genghis Khan)

Although intended to harness Mongol nationalism to support Japanese aims, this goal was undercut by the fact that the Japanese drew the borders of Mengjiang to produce a state that was 80 percent Han Chinese.

Contents 1 History 2 Politics 3 Name 4 Economy 5 Military 5.1 Mongol Cavalry Corps (Dec. 1941) 6 Sources: 7 See also 8 External links and references

[edit] History

Formed in May 12, 1936, the Mongol Military Government (蒙古軍政府) was renamed in October 1937 as the Mongol United Autonomous Government (蒙古聯合自治政府).　On September 1, 1939, the predominantly Han Chinese puppet governments of South Chahar Autonomous Government and North Shanxi Autonomous Government were merged with the Mongol Autonomous Government, creating the new Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (蒙疆聯合自治政府).

The capital was established at Chan Pei, near Kalgan, with the puppet government's control extending around Hohhot. The capital was later moved. On August 4, 1941, it was again renamed: the Mongolian Autonomous Federation (蒙古自治邦). After Wang Jingwei formed a collaborationist government of China in Nanjing, Mengjiang was nominally put under it, though in reality it was not administered by the Nanjing government.

The state disappeared in 1945 when it was invaded by Russian and Mongol Red Army forces as part of Operation August Storm, the Soviet attack on Imperial Japan in the final weeks of World War II. It became part of Inner Mongolia of the People's Republic of China.

[edit] Politics

List of political institutions:

• Mongolian Royal Family
• Japanese Central Academy of Kalgan
• Directorate General of Communications
• Bank of Mengjiang
• Mongolian Military Command Headquarters
• Mengjiang national army
• United Autonomous Mongolian Aimags
• Autonomous Government of Northern Shanxi
• Autonomous Government of Southern Chahar
• The United Autonomous Government of Mengjiang
• government mongol administrative uls
• Inner Mongolia Pailingmiao Autonomous Political Council (Mongolian political movement)

Notable people:

• Demchugdongrub:-Native head of state,Khungtayji(nobly descendant of Gengys Khan family), also commander Mongolian Military Command Headquarters.
• Kanji Tsuneoka:-Japanese military adviser, he led of Central Academy in Kalgan, the Japanese secret services in area and was represent real powerin nation
• Mr.Toyonori Yamauchi:-as the political advisor on a mission to "inherit the great spirit of Genghis Khan and retake the territories that belong to Mongolia, completing the grand task of reviving the prosperity of the nationality".
• Yoshio Kozuki:-Commanding General, Mongolia Army
• Ichiro Shichida:-Commanding General, Mongolia Garrison Army
• Gen Sugiyama:-concurrently Commanding General, Mongolia Garrison
• Sadamu Shimomura:-Commander of Mongolia Garrison Army
• Hiroshi Nemoto:-Commander of Mongolia Garrison Army
• Shinichi Tanaka:-Chief of Staff, Mongolia Garrison Army
• Hideki Tojo:-Commander, the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade, Chahar Expeditionary Force
• Commander Sakai:- the direct tank commader,1st Independent Mixed Brigade
• Kitsuju Ayabe:-Colonel, engaged in Chahar area operation as Staff Officer, Kwantung Army, North China Detachment
• Hiroshi Nemoto:-Commander of 18th Army (with Hq in Kalgan)
• Torashiro Kawabe: some Army adviser in area for sometimes
• local warlord Li Shou-hsin,in Chahar Provence in Mengjiang area

See also: National symbols of Mengjiang

[edit] Name

Mengjiang, meaning "Mongolian Territories," came from the acceptance speech of chairmanship by Demchugdongrub:

To recover the territories originally owned by the Mongolians

(收復蒙古固有疆土)^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Economy

The Japanese established the Bank of Mengjiang that printed its own currency without years on it. Some traditional local money shops also made currency with Chinese year numbering system, such as the Jiachen Year (甲辰年), on it.

The Japanese had mineral interests in their created state of Mengjiang. One example was Japanese put in production the iron mine in Hsuanhua-Lungyen with a reserve of 91,645,000 tonnes in 1941; and analyzed the reserves of Coal in land, ones 504 tonnes and one potential production of 202,000 of tonnes (1934).

The Mengjiang iron deposits exported minerals directly to Japan. At the same time Japanese seeking the coal reserves of Suiyuan (another Mengjiang occupied sector) why are ones 417 million tonnes and one potential extraction of 58,000 tonnes in 1940 for future investments in area too.

[edit] Military

The Mengjiang National Army was the Japanese-made "native army" organized in Mengjiang; not to be confused with the Mongol Army. It was a Kwantung Army special force group under direct command, having native commanders alongside the Japanese commanding officers, as in other auxiliary outer sections of the Kwantung Army.

The purpose of the army was support of any eventual Imperial Japanese Army operations against Outer Mongolia, or north China areas, and to act as a local security force, with the "local" police forces. It protected Prince De Wang, the head of state, and the Mengjiang native establishment and local government properties.

The army was equipped with rifles, pistols, light and medium machine guns, mortars and some artillery and anti-aircraft guns. It was organised as a mobile cavalry and light infantry force with little artillery support and no tanks or aircraft.

History

Raised from the defeated reminants of the Inner Mongolian Army, The original eight Mongol cavalry Divisions were 1500 men strong, in 3 Regiments of 500 men. Each regiment were to have 3 Saber companies and a Machinegun Company of 120 men. However these divisions actually ranged in size from 1000men to 2000men (8th Division).

In 1936, they were armed with Mauser rifles and they had 200 machineguns: mostly the Czech ZB-26 and a few Swiss Sig. Model 1930 sub- machinegun for Teh Wang's 1000 bodyguard troops. They had 70 artillery pieces, mostly mortars and a few captured Chinese mountain and field guns of a variety of types (making ammo and spare parts a problem). The few tanks and armored cars were captured Chinese vehicles crewed by Japanese.

In 1939, the enthic Chinese troops in the Mongol Divisions were brigaded together in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions and turned into the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Ch'ing An Tui Brigades of the "Mongolian Pacification Force" and used against various guerrilla groups.

In 1943 the Mongol 4th and 5th Divisions were combined to form a new 8th Division and the old 7th and 8th Divisions formed the new 9th Division. Strength of the army was between 4000-10000 men, all cavalry at this time and had little heavy equipment and that controlled by the Japanese.

The Mongokuo or Mengjiang state also had 5 Defense Divisions in 1943, made up of local militia and other security forces, nominally of 3 regiments. Apparently only one of these regiments in each division was capable of operations. In 1944, the Japanese reorganized them along with the Chahar garrisons into 4 Divisions of 2000 men each.

At the end of the war they had 6 Divisions (2 Cavalry and 4 Infantry), 3 Independent Ch'ing An Tui Brigades, and an "Pao An Tui" Security Force Regiment.

[edit] Mongol Cavalry Corps (Dec. 1941)

• 1st Mongolian Cavalry Division
• 2nd Mongolian Cavalry Division
• 3rd Mongolian Cavalry Division
• 4th Mongolian Cavalry Division
• 5th Mongolian Cavalry Division
• 6th Mongolian Cavalry Division
• 7th Mongolian Cavalry Division
• 8th Mongolian Cavalry Division

[edit] Sources:

• Jowett, Phillip S. , Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931-45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihul, West Midlands, England.
  • page 56: 1936-1939 forces
  • pg 88-89 covers the 1940-45 army

* see also:

• Inner Mongolian Army

[edit] See also

• Manchukuo
• Wang Jingwei Government
• List of Japanese supporters of the WWII period
• List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931-1945)

[edit] External links and references

• Flags and Brief History of China
• 真實的汪精衛 (The Real Wang Jingwei) (in Chinese)
• 日偽政權的行政區劃 (Political divisions of illegal regimes under Japan) (in traditional Chinese, with background midi music)
• Mengjiang flag
• Mongolian education under the Japanese regime