Milton Latham
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| Milton Latham | |
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| In office January 9, 1860 – January 14, 1860 |
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| Lieutenant(s) | John G. Downey |
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| Preceded by | John B. Weller |
| Succeeded by | John G. Downey |
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| Born | May 23, 1827 Columbus, Ohio |
| Died | March 4, 1882 New York City, New York |
| Political party | Lecompton Democrat |
| Spouse | Sophie Birdsall |
| Profession | Teacher, Lawyer, Politician |
Milton Slocum Latham (May 23, 1827 – March 4, 1882) was an American politician, and served as the sixth Governor of California and as a member to the federal U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate. Latham holds the distinction of having the shortest governorship in California history, lasting for five days between January 9–January 14, 1860. A Lecompton Democrat, Latham became the second Governor to resign in office after being appointed by the California State Legislature to fill the U.S. Senate vacancy following the death of David C. Broderick from a duel.
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[edit] Personal Background
Born in Ohio in 1827, Latham was educated in classical studies at Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania, graduating in 1845. Following his graduation, Latham moved to Russell County, Alabama, working briefly as a school teacher while studying law. He was admitted to the Alabama Bar in 1848, working as Russell County's circuit court clerk for two years until 1850, when he relocated to San Francisco, California following the Gold Rush.[1]
After relocating to San Francisco, Latham resumed his employment in law, becoming a recording clerk for the county, and in 1851, became district attorney for Sacramento. After serving for one year, Latham decided to enter politics, and in 1852, ran as a Democrat for the U.S. House of Representatives. Latham won the race, and served in the federal House for two years. After the completion of his two-year term, and despite being renominated by state Democrats, Latham declined to run for another term, returning to California to join a law firm.
Only a year after returning to San Francisco, Latham was appointed U.S. Customs Collector for the Port of San Francisco by President Franklin Pierce, a post the former congressman protested initially, but reluctantly later accepted. Latham held the post until 1857.
Since the beginning of the 1850s, issues regarding slavery had affectively split the state Democratic Party. Initially divided by pro-slavery Chivalrists and anti-slavery Free Soilers, by 1857, the party had split into the Lecompton and Anti-Lecompton factions. Lecompton members supported the Kansas Lecompton Constitution, a document explicitly allowing slavery into the territory, while Anti-Lecompton faction members were in opposition to slavery's expansion. The violence between supporting and opposition forces led to the period known as Bleeding Kansas. Splits in the Democratic Party, as well as the power vacuum created by the collapse of the Whig Party, helped facilitate the rise of the American Party both in state and federal politics. In particular, state voters voted Know-Nothings into the California State Legislature, and elected J. Neely Johnson as Governor in the 1855 general elections.
During the 1859 general elections, Lecompton Democrats voted Latham, who had briefly lived in the American South, as their nominee for Governor. Anti-Lecomptons in turn selected John Currey as their nominee. The infant Republican Party, running in its first gubernatorial election, selected businessman Leland Stanford as its nominee. To make matters more complicated, during the campaign, Senator David C. Broderick, an Anti-Lecompton Democrat, was killed in a duel by slavery supporter and former state Supreme Court Justice David Terry on September 13.[2]
Despite the party split and Republican entrance to the campaign, Latham won the election, garnering sixty percent of the vote.
[edit] Governorship
Latham was inaugurated on January 9, 1860. In his inauguration speech, the new Governor outlined his main priority as solving the state's creeping debt, an issue that previously challenged former Governors John Bigler, J. Neely Johnson and John Weller. Latham suggested curtailing legislative expenses, errecting more governmental buildings--such as completing the new state capitol building--without raising taxes, and increasing U.S. Mail links from the Eastern U.S. to California to help facilitate commerce and personal links. Latham also suggested that the Office of the Governor should not be made more powerful, and be securely checked by the Legislature and courts.[3]
However only hours into his term, Latham's desire for political advancement were quickly known. Within days, Latham had proposed to the Assembly and Senate to be selected as David Broderick's replacement in the U.S. Senate and serve the rest of his term. (Prior to the Seventeenth Amendment, state legislatures selected federal senators).[4] Running against challenger Henry P. Haun, Latham was selected by the Legislature, and on January 14, 1860, just five days into his governorship, Latham resigned. Latham had become the second California Governor to resign from office.[5]
Latham's five-day governorship remains the shortest in California history.
[edit] Post governorship
Latham travelled to Washington, D.C. to take his U.S. Senate seat later that year. Serving for the next three years as a Democrat, he ran for reelection once Broderick's original term expired in 1862. However, political support in California had turned away from the Democrats in favor of Unionist Republicans, who now controlled the State Legislature. Latham lost his bid for a second Senate term to Republican John Conness, himself a former Anti-Lecompton Democrat.[6]
Following his defeat, Latham travelled to Europe, joining the London and San Francisco Bank Ltd, where he became the bank's San Francisco chief. Throughout the late 1860s and into the the 1870s, Latham helped finance the California Pacific and the North Pacific Coast Railroad, earning recognition as one of California's rail barons.
In 1872, Latham bought and began renovating a 50-room Menlo Park mansion called Thurlow Lodge as a gift to his bride, only for the estate to burn down before completion. Nevertheless, it was entirely rebuilt in 1873. In 1874, Latham commissioned Carleton Watkins to photograph the huge estate and produce two presentation albums of mammoth plate prints.
Latham later moved to New York City in 1879 to become President of the New York Mining and Stock Exchange. The former Governor died in New York three years later in 1882 at the age of 54.
[edit] References
- ^ [1] Bibliography Directory of the United States Congress
- ^ JoinCalifornia
- ^ [2] Inaugural Address, January 9, 1860
- ^ [3] From the Government of California
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- ^ [5]
- J. Paul Getty Trust. Thurlow Lodge, Menlo Park - Lawn and House, cited 22 May 2006.
- Hamlin, Jesse. The New de Young : Robber baron's opulent hearth finds a new home as de Young sets up shop. In The San Francisco Chronicle, 15 April 2005, cited 22 May 2006.
[edit] External links
| Preceded by Edward C. Marshall |
United States Representative for the 1st District of California 1853–1855 |
Succeeded by James W. Denver |
| Preceded by John B. Weller |
Governors of California 1860–1860; |
Succeeded by John Gately Downey |
| Preceded by Henry P. Haun |
United States Senator (Class 1) from California 1860–1863 Served alongside: William M. Gwin, James A. McDougall |
Succeeded by John Conness |
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| Burnett • McDougall • Bigler • J. Johnson • Weller • Latham • Downey • Stanford • Low • Haight • Booth • Pacheco • Irwin • Perkins • Stoneman • Bartlett • Waterman • Markham • Budd • Gage • Pardee • Gillett • H. Johnson • Stephens • Richardson • Young • Rolph • Merriam • Olson • Warren • Knight • P. Brown • Reagan • J. Brown • Deukmejian • Wilson • Davis • Schwarzenegger |  |
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