MPEG-4

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MPEG-4 is a standard used primarily to compress audio and visual (AV) digital data. Introduced in late 1998, it is the designation for a group of audio and video coding standards and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) under the formal standard ISO/IEC 14496. The uses for the MPEG-4 standard are web (streaming media) and CD distribution, conversation (videophone), and broadcast television, all of which benefit from compressing the AV stream.

MPEG-4 absorbs many of the features of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 and other related standards, adding new features such as (extended) VRML support for 3D rendering, object-oriented composite files (including audio, video and VRML objects), support for externally-specified Digital Rights Management and various types of interactivity. AAC (Advanced Audio Codec) was standardized as an adjunct to MPEG-2 (as Part 7) before MPEG-4 was issued.

MPEG-4 is still a developing standard and is divided into a number of parts. Unfortunately the companies promoting MPEG-4 compatibility do not always clearly state which "part" level compatability. The key parts to be aware of are MPEG-4 part 2 (MPEG-4 SP/ASP, used by codecs such as DivX, XviD and 3ivx and by Quicktime 6) and MPEG-4 part 10 (MPEG-4 AVC/H.264, used by the x264 codec, by Quicktime 7, and by HD DVD as well as Blu-ray Disc).

Most of the features included in MPEG-4 are left to individual developers to decide whether to implement them. This means that there are probably no complete implementations of the entire MPEG-4 set of standards. To deal with this, the standard includes the concept of "profiles" and "levels", allowing a specific set of capabilities to be defined in a manner appropriate for a subset of applications.

1 Overview
2 MPEG-4 Parts
3 Licensing
4 Alternatives
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Overview

MPEG-4 provides a series of technologies for developers, for various service-providers and for end users.

MPEG-4 enables different developers to create objects possessing better abilities of adaptability and flexibility to improve the quality of such services and technologies as digital television, animation graphics, World Wide Web and their extensions. This standard enables developers to control their content better and to fight more effectively against copyright violations.

Various network providers can use MPEG-4 for data transparency. With the help of standard procedures such data can be interpreted and transformed into various signals compatible with any available network.

The MPEG-4 format provides the end users with a wide range of interaction with various animated objects.

Standardized Digital Rights Management signaling, otherwise known in the MPEG community as Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP).

The MPEG-4 format can perform various functions, among which might be the following:

Streams of audio, video and audio-visual data might be naturally or artificially created. This means that they can be shot with a camera or copied with a microphone; or they might be created with the help of a computer and special software.

Multiplexes and synchronizes data, associated with media objects, in such a way that they could be transported further via network channels.

Interaction with the audio-visual scene, which is formed on the side of the receiver.

[edit] MPEG-4 Parts

MPEG-4 consists of several standards—termed "parts"—including the following:

Part 1 (ISO/IEC 14496-1): Systems: Describes synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. For example Transport stream.
Part 2 (ISO/IEC 14496-2): Visual: A compression codec for visual data (video, still textures, synthetic images, etc.). One of the many "profiles" in Part 2 is the Advanced Simple Profile (ASP).
Part 3 (ISO/IEC 14496-3): Audio: A set of compression codecs for perceptual coding of audio signals, including some variations of Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) as well as other audio/speech coding tools.
Part 4 (ISO/IEC 14496-4): Conformance: Describes procedures for testing conformance to other parts of the standard.
Part 5 (ISO/IEC 14496-5): Reference Software: Provides software for demonstrating and clarifying the other parts of the standard.
Part 6 (ISO/IEC 14496-6): Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF).
Part 7 (ISO/IEC 14496-7): Optimized Reference Software: Provides examples of how to make improved implementations (e.g., in relation to Part 5).
Part 8 (ISO/IEC 14496-8): Carriage on IP networks: Specifies a method to carry MPEG-4 content on IP networks.
Part 9 (ISO/IEC 14496-9): Reference Hardware: Provides hardware designs for demonstrating how to implement the other parts of the standard.
Part 10 (ISO/IEC 14496-10): Advanced Video Coding (AVC): A codec for video signals which is technically identical to the ITU-T H.264 standard.
Part 11 (ISO/IEC 14496-11): Scene description and Application engine, also called BIFS; can be used for rich, interactive content with multiple profiles, including 2D and 3D versions.
Part 12 (ISO/IEC 14496-12): ISO Base Media File Format: A file format for storing media content.
Part 13 (ISO/IEC 14496-13): Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) Extensions.
Part 14 (ISO/IEC 14496-14): MPEG-4 File Format: The designated container file format for MPEG-4 content, which is based on Part 12.
Part 15 (ISO/IEC 14496-15): AVC File Format: For storage of Part 10 video based on Part 12.
Part 16 (ISO/IEC 14496-16): Animation Framework eXtension (AFX).
Part 17 (ISO/IEC 14496-17): Timed Text subtitle format.
Part 18 (ISO/IEC 14496-18): Font Compression and Streaming (for OpenType fonts).
Part 19 (ISO/IEC 14496-19): Synthesized Texture Stream.
Part 20 (ISO/IEC 14496-20): Lightweight Scene Representation (LASeR).
Part 21 (ISO/IEC 14496-21): MPEG-J Graphical Framework eXtension (GFX) (not yet finished - at "FCD" stage in July 2005, FDIS January 2006).
Part 22 (ISO/IEC 14496-22): Open Font Format Specification (OFFS) based on OpenType (not yet finished - reached "CD" stage in July 2005)
Part 23 (ISO/IEC 14496-23): Symbolic Music Representation (SMR) (not yet finished - reached "FCD" stage in October 2006)

Profiles are also defined within the individual "parts", so an implementation of a part is ordinarily not an implementation of an entire part.

MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 are other suites of MPEG standards.

[edit] Licensing

MPEG-4 is patented proprietary technology. This means that, although the software to create and play back MPEG-4 videos may be readily available, a license is needed to use it legally in countries that acknowledge software patents. Patents covering MPEG-4 are claimed by over two dozen companies. The MPEG Licensing Authority^[1] licenses patents required for MPEG-4 Part 2 Visual from a wide range of companies (audio is licensed separately) and lists all of its licencors and licencees on the site. New licences for MPEG-4 System patents are under development [1] and no new licences are being offered while holders of its old MPEG-4 Systems licence are still covered under the terms of that licence for the patents listed [2].

AT&T is trying to sue companies such as Apple Inc. over alleged MPEG-4 patent infringement.^[2]^[3]^[4]. The terms of Apple's Quicktime 7 licence for users [3] describes in paragraph 14 the terms under Apple's existing MPEG-4 System Patent Portfolio licence from MPEGLA.

[edit] Alternatives

Open source alternatives to encapsulate AV.

[edit] Containers

Ogg - Created by the Xiph Foundation.
- See also OGM, which is a fork of Ogg.
Matroska - .mkv & .mka files.
NUT - Developed by the MPlayer team.

[edit] Video Codecs

x264 - H.264 (MPEG-4 part 10) implementation.
Xvid - MPEG-4 part 2 codec, compatible with DivX.
FFmpeg codecs - codecs in the libavcodec library from the FFmpeg project (FFV1, Snow, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 part 2, MSMPEG-4, H.264, WMV2, SVQ3, MJPEG, HuffYUV, Indeo and others).
Tarkin - an experimental lossy video codec under development by the Xiph.org Foundation based on 3-D wavelet compression
Lagarith - lossless video codec
Theora - Based on VP3, part of the Ogg Project.
Dirac - Wavelet based codec created by the BBC.
Huffyuv - Lossless codec from BenRG.