User:Paul August/Subpage 22

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1 On the real line
- 1.1 Properties
2 In a Euclidean space
3 See also

[edit] On the real line

A ray on the real line $\mathbb{R}$ is an open set of the form $(p,\infty)$ , or $(-\infty,p).$ A ray is also called a half line, or an open ray, to distinguish the notion of a closed ray, which includes its end point.

[edit] Properties

Suppose $p,q\in\mathbb{R}$ and $p\le q.$

$(p,\infty)\cap(q,\infty)=(q,\infty).$
$(p,\infty)\cup(q,\infty)=(p,\infty).$
$(p,\infty)\cap(-\infty,q)=(p,q)$ if $p\ne q$ , and $\varnothing$ if $p = q .$
$(-\infty,p)\cap(q,\infty)=\varnothing.$
$(p,\infty)\cup(-\infty,q)=\mathbb{R}$ if $p\ne q$ , and $\mathbb{R}- \lbrace p\rbrace$ if $p = q .$
$(-\infty,p)\cup(q,\infty)=\mathbb{R}-[p,q]$ if $p\ne q$ , and $\mathbb{R}- \lbrace p\rbrace$ if $p = q .$

[edit] In a Euclidean space

Let  be a line in  and let  $p$  be a point lying on the  We may parameterize   (parameter  ) so that  An (open) ray  $ρ$  lying on  with end point  $p$  is the set of points

$\rho=\lbrace r\mid r=\ell(t), t>0 \rbrace.$

If the inequality $t > 0$ is relaxed to $t\ge 0$ in the above expression, then we have a closed ray. Note that if the inequality above were changed to $t < 0$ instead, we end up again with a ray lying on $\ell$ and end point $p .$ It is a ray because we can reparameterize $\ell$ by using the parameter $s = - t$ instead, so that

$\lbrace r\mid r=\ell(t), t<0\rbrace = \lbrace r \mid r=\ell(s), s>0\rbrace.$

The difference between the two rays is that they point in the opposite directions. Therefore, in general, a ray can be characterized by

a line,
a point lying on the line, and
a direction on the line.

Rays in an ordered geometry: Given two distinct points $p, q$ in an ordered geometry $(A, B)$ ( $A$ is the underlying incidence geometry and $B$ is the strict betweenness relation defined on the points of $A$ ). The set

$\overline{pq}\cup\lbrace q\rbrace\cup\lbrace r\mid q\in\overline{pr} \rbrace,$

where $\overline{st}$ denotes the open line segment with end points $s$ and $t$ , is called the (open) ray generated by $p$ and $q$ emanating from $p .$ It is denoted by $\overrightarrow{pq}.$ $p$ in $\overrightarrow{pq}$ is called the source or the end point of the ray. A closed ray generated by $p$ and $q$ with endpoint $p$ is the set $\overrightarrow{pq}\cup\lbrace p\rbrace.$ Properties.

for any point $r\in\overrightarrow{pq}$ , $\overrightarrow{pr}=\overrightarrow{pq}.$
Failed to parse (PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert): \overrightarrow{pq}\cup\overrightarrow{qp}=\overleftrightarrow{pq} and $\overrightarrow{pq}\cap\overrightarrow{qp}=\overline{pq}.$ We say that a ray lies on a line if all of the points in the ray are incident with the line. Also, a line segment lies on a ray if it is a subset of the ray.
The opposite ray of $\rho=\overrightarrow{pq}$ is defined to be

$\overrightarrow{qp}-\overline{pq}-\lbrace q\rbrace.$

It is denoted by $- ρ.$
The opposite ray − ρ of a ray ρ is ray. Suppose Then ρ has the property that
1. $\rho\cap(-\rho)=\varnothing$ and
2. Failed to parse (PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert): \rho\cup(-\rho)=\overleftrightarrow{pq}-\lbrace p\rbrace.
Conversely, given a ray , any ray satisfying the above two properties (replacing − ρ by ) is the opposite ray of ρ.
Given any point $p$ on a line $\ell$ , there are exactly two rays lying on $\ell$ with endpoint $p .$
Given any two rays ρ and , exactly one of the following holds:
1. $\rho\cap\varrho=\varnothing$ ,
2. $\rho\cap\varrho=$ a line segment, or
3. $\rho\cap\varrho=$ a ray.
It is not hard to see that in the last case, one ray is included in the other, and their intersection is the “smaller” of the two rays. In the first two cases, the two rays are said to be (pointing) in the opposite direction. In the last case, the two are said to be in the same direction. Opposite rays are clearly pointing in the opposite direction.
An equivalence relation can be defined on the set of all rays lying on a line $\ell$ by whether they are pointing in the same direction or not. Thus, the set of all rays lying on $\ell$ can be partitioned into two subsets $R$ and $R^{\prime}$ , so that if $\rho,\varrho\in R$ (or $R^{\prime}$ ), then they are pointing in the same direction; and if $\rho\in R$ and $\varrho\in R^{\prime}$ are pointing in the opposite direction.
Pick one of the two subsets from above, say $R .$ Define $\le$ on $R$ by $\rho\le\varrho$ if $\rho\subseteq\varrho.$ Then $\le$ is a linear order on $R .$ This $\le$ induces a linear order $\le_{\ell}$ on the line $\ell$ in the following way: $p\le_{\ell} q$ if the corresponding rays $\rho,\varrho\in R$ , with endpoints $p$ and $q$ respectively, we have $\rho\le\varrho.$ This is one way to define a linear ordering on a line $\ell.$ An alternative, but equivalent way of defining a linear ordering on a line in an ordered geometry can be found in the entry under ordered geometry.
Note that in defining $\le$ , we could have used $R^{\prime}$ instead of $R .$ This is an example of the duality of linear ordering.