Polo Grounds

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Polo Grounds
Location	West 155th Street and Eighth Avenue New York, New York (now demolished)
Coordinates	40°49′51.01″N, 73°56′15.33″W
Broke ground	1890
Opened	April 22, 1891
Renovated	June 28, 1911
Expanded	1923
Closed	September 18, 1963
Demolished	April 10, 1964
Owner	New York Giants
Surface	Grass
Architect	Henry B. Herts
Former names
Brush Stadium (1911-1919)
Tenants
New York Giants (NL) (1891–1957) New York Yankees (AL) (1913–1922) New York Mets (NL) (1962–1963) New York Giants (NFL) (1925–1955) New York Titans/Jets (AFL) (1960–1963) New York Bulldogs (NFL) (1949)
Capacity
34,000 (1911); 55,000 (1923)
Dimensions
Left Field – 279 ft (85 m) Left-Center – 250 ft (76.2 m) Center Field – 483 ft (147.2 m) Right-Center – 449 ft (136.8 m) Right Field – 258 ft (78.6 m)

The Polo Grounds was the name given to four different stadiums in New York City used by Major League Baseball's New York Giants from 1883 until 1957, New York Metropolitans from 1883 until 1885, the New York Yankees from 1912 until 1922, and by the New York Mets in their first two seasons of 1962 and 1963. It also hosted the 1934 and 1942 Major League Baseball All-Star Games.

The original Polo Grounds was built in the 1870s for the sport of polo, thus accounting for its name. It was the only one of the four structures that was actually used for polo. The field was originally referred to in newspapers simply as "the polo grounds", and over time this generic designation became a proper name. It was converted to a baseball stadium when leased by the New York Metropolitans in 1880. The stadium was used jointly by the Giants and Metropolitans from 1883 until 1885, and the name stuck for each subsequent stadium of the Giants. The fourth and final Polo Grounds, which the Giants used until they moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season, and which the Mets used until Shea Stadium was completed in 1964, was the most famous, and is the one most people mean when they refer to the Polo Grounds. The name "Polo Grounds" did not actually appear prominently on any of the stadiums, until the Mets posted it with a large sign in 1962.

The park was noted for its distinctive bathtub shape, with very short distances to the left and right field walls, but an unusually deep center field.

Left field also had an upper deck ("the short porch") which extended out over the field (after its 1923 extension), reducing the distance from 279 feet (85 meters) to about 250 feet (76 meters). That meant it was technically rather difficult to hit a home run into the lower deck of the left field stands, unless it was a line drive such as Bobby Thomson's famous home run in 1951.

No player ever hit a fly ball that reached the 483-foot (147-meter) distant center-field wall, which fronted a part of the clubhouse which overhung the field. Given that overhang, it was not inherently clear what the actual "home run line" would have been in straightaway center. Some sources listed the center field distance as 505, which suggests that was where the true home run line would have been, at the back of the clubhouse overhang. But if there were any ground rules governing such a situation, they never had to be applied.

Contents 1 Chronology 1.1 Polo Grounds I 1.2 Polo Grounds II 1.3 Polo Grounds III & IV 2 American Football 3 Soccer Football 4 Gaelic Football 5 Center Field 6 The Final Years 7 Timeline and teams 8 Dimensions 9 Seating capacity 10 See also 11 Sources 12 External links

[edit] Chronology

[edit] Polo Grounds I

The original Polo Grounds was located at 110th Street and Sixth Avenue (now Lenox Avenue), just outside the north edge of Central Park and occupied by buildings for several generations now. The other three were all located at 155th Street and Eighth Avenue (now Frederick Douglass Boulevard). The latter site, on which a public housing project now stands, is overlooked to the north and west by a steep promontory known as Coogan's Bluff. The ballpark itself was thus in the bottomland, or Coogan's Hollow. The land remained in the Coogan estate. The Giants were renters for their entire duration at the ballpark.

The first Polo Grounds had two grandstands, and the field was divided into east and west for use by the Giants and by the Metropolitans (of the American Association) respectively. The original Mets played there for a few years and then fled, as the Giants were the more popular team.

[edit] Polo Grounds II

The second Polo Grounds was at the northwest corner of the 155th and Eighth intersection. Its grandstand had a conventional curve around the infield, but the shape of the property left the center field area actually closer than left center or right center. This was not much of an issue in the "dead ball era" of baseball. After one season alone at that site, the new Players' League team built their "Brotherhood Park" directly to the north, bordering the second Polo Grounds and otherwise bounded by rail yards and the bluff. As with the first Polo Grounds, if the teams played on the same day, fans in the upper decks could watch each others' games, and home run balls hit in one park might land on the other team's playing field. This amusing situation lasted for just one season, the Players' League being a one-year wonder, and the Giants moved into the more spacious neighboring field, taking the "Polo Grounds" name with them. The original ballpark was then referred to as "Manhattan Field", and was converted for other sports such as football and track-and-field. It still existed as a structure for nearly 20 more years. Babe Ruth's first home run as a Yankee, on May 1, 1920, was characterized by the New York Times reporter as a "sockdolager" (i.e. a decisive blow), and was described as traveling "over the right field grand stand into Manhattan Field".[1] Bill Jenkinson's modern research indicates the ball traveled about 500 feet in total, after clearing the Polo Grounds double decked right field stand. Manhattan Field was a playground or vacant lot by then. Some years later, the vacant lot was paved over, to serve as a parking lot for the Polo Grounds.

[edit] Polo Grounds III & IV

The "third" and "fourth" Polo Grounds were actually the same ballfield. The 1890 structure initially had a totally open outfield bounded by just the outer fence, but bleachers were gradually extended around during the subsequent 20 years, until the entire field was enclosed with seating. Early in the 1911 season, fire destroyed the main grandstand and part of the right field bleachers. Those sections were rebuilt in a steel and concrete double-deck. The rest of the bleachers, which had survived due to gaps in the old wooden stands, were left as they were. The new 1911 structure is the point in time from which the Giants dated the opening of the final (i.e. "fourth") version of the Polo Grounds. The team tried to rename the new structure "Brush Stadium" in honor of their owner, but the name did not stick, and it died with him. The remaining old bleachers were demolished during 1923 when the permanent double-deck was extended around most of the rest of the field and new bleachers and clubhouse were constructed across center field.

This version of the ballpark had its share of quirks. The "unofficial" distances (never marked on the wall) down the left and right field lines were 279 and 258 feet respectively, but there was a 21 foot overhang in left field, which often intercepted fly balls which would otherwise have been catchable and turned them into home runs. Contrasting with the short distances down the lines were the 450-some foot distances in the gaps, with straightaway center field 483 feet distant from home plate; the catch that Willie Mays made in the 1954 World Series against the Cleveland Indians would likely have been a home run in almost any other ballpark of the time. The bullpens were actually in play, in the left and right center field gaps. The outfield sloped downward from the infield, and people in the dugouts often could only see the top half of the outfielders.

The New York Yankees sublet the Polo Grounds from the Giants during 1913-1922 after their lease on Hilltop Park expired. After the 1922 season, the Yankees built Yankee Stadium directly across the Harlem River from the Polo Grounds, a situation which spurred the Giants to expand their park to reach a seating capacity comparable to the Stadium, to stay competitive. However, since nearly all the new seating was in the outfield, the Stadium still had a lot more "good" seats than did the Polo Grounds, at least for baseball. At that point, the Polo Grounds most notably became better suited for football than it had been previously.

Aerial view of the Polo Grounds during the 1950's/1960's #1

Aerial view of the Polo Grounds during the 1950's/1960's #2

[edit] American Football

While somewhat awkwardly laid out for baseball, the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds were well-suited for football, and hundreds of football games were played there over the years.

Yale played football in the original 110th Street Polo Grounds in the 19th century, for some games which were expected to draw large crowds, including a couple of Thanksgiving contests in the 1880s (see List of Harvard-Yale football games).

In the 20th century, both the New York Giants and New York Titans/Jets used the Polo Grounds as their home field until moving on to other sites.

The grounds were also used for many games by New York-area college football teams such as Fordham and Army. An upset victory by the visiting University of Notre Dame over Army in 1924 led to Grantland Rice's famous article about the Irish backfield, which he called "The Four Horsemen". The field was also the site of several Army-Navy Games in the 1910s and 1920s.

The football Giants hosted the 1934, 1938, 1944, and 1946 NFL championship games at the Polo Grounds. In addition the Boston Redskins moved the 1936 game from Boston to the Polo Grounds, as part of their transition in relocating to Washington.

The Polo Grounds was the site of many famous boxing matches as well, most notably the legendary 1923 heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and Luis Firpo.

[edit] Soccer Football

The Polo Grounds has held its fair share of international soccer matches as well over the years. In 1926, Hakoah, an all-Jewish side from Vienna, Austria, "drew the largest crowds ever to watch soccer in America up to that time: three successive games drew 25,000, 30,000, and 36,000 spectators. The highlight of the tour was a May 1, 1926 exhibition game between Hakoah and an American Soccer League all-New York team which drew 46,000 fans to the Polo Grounds in New York." The ASL team won 3 - 0.

Here is pictoral proof that soccer was played at the Polo Grounds

On May 19, 1935, The Scotland national football team toured the United States, and in their first game played against an ASL All-Star squad which was unofficially representing the United States. Scotland won 5 - 1 in front of 25, 000 people at the Polo Grounds. In 1939, the Scots returned to America for another tour, and played at the Polo Grounds twice. In their first game at the Polo Grounds on May 21, 1939, Soctland tied the Eastern USA All-Stars 1 - 1 in front of 25,072 fans. In their second game at the Polo Grounds on June 18, 1939, Scotland beat the American League Stars 4 - 2.

Following World War II, on September 26, 1948, The US national team beat the Israel national football team 3 - 1 in Israel's first ever friendly since independence before 25,000 fans at the Polo Grounds. On June 9, 1950, a crowd of 21, 000 fans came to the Polo Grounds to watch a 'International Dream Double Header'. Beşiktaş J.K. of Turkey defeated the American Soccer League All-Stars 3-1, and then Manchester United defeated Jönköping (the top amateur team in Sweden) 4-0. On May 17, 1960, Birmingham City of England played Third Lanark of Scotland and lost 4 - 1 at the Polo Grounds in New York City. On August 6 of the same year, 25, 440 patrons showed up at the Polo Grounds to watch the inaugural International Soccer League Final which saw Bangu of Brazil edge out Kilmarnock FC of Scotland 2 - 0. The following year 1961 may have been the last year documented that soccer was played at the Polo Grounds. The second edition of the International Soccer League held most of its game at the Polo Grounds, with a few games held in Montreal. On July 16, 1961 Shamrock Rovers beat Red Star Belgrade 5-1, on August 9, Dukla Prague beat Everton fc 7 - 0, and 4 days later on August 13, Dukla Prague beat Everton again 2 - 0, thus winning the Dwight D. Eisenhower Trophy. The combined attendance for both games at the Polo Grounds was 31, 627. In domestic league soccer, the Polo Grounds was the home to the New York Nationals of the American Soccer League in 1928.

[edit] Gaelic Football

On September 14, 1947, the Polo Grounds hosted the final of the All-Ireland Senior Gaelic Football championship between Cavan and Kerry. This novel location for the game was chosen for the benefit of New York's large Irish immigrant population. It was the first, and only, time that the game has been played outside of Ireland.

[edit] Center Field

In Game 1 of the 1954 World Series, Giants outfielder Willie Mays made a sensational catch of a fly ball hit by the Cleveland Indians' Vic Wertz into deep center field, a catch which in the words of radio announcer Jack Brickhouse, "Must have looked like an optical illusion to a lot of people", and which turned the tide of that Series in the Giants' favor.

Babe Ruth hit many of his early signature blasts at the Polo Grounds, reaching the center field seats on several occasions. His longest blast at the grounds, over the right-center upper deck in 1921, was estimated at over 550 feet. Had Ruth played regularly in the remodeled Polo Grounds, he would have been capable of hitting the clubhouse if conditions were right. Neither he nor anyone else ever did, but a few came close.

After the 1923 remodeling, only four players ever hit a home run into the center field stands:

• Luke Easter in a Negro League game in 1948
• Joe Adcock in 1953
• Hank Aaron and Lou Brock on consecutive days in 1962.

Brock is the surprising name on that list, as he was noted mostly for hits and stolen bases (especially after being traded to the Cardinals in 1964), but he displayed power-hitting capability from time to time.

[edit] The Final Years

Although the Polo Grounds had once been held in the kind of fame and esteem that later gravitated to Yankee Stadium, the end of the Polo Grounds' existence was anticlimactic. Frustrated with the obsolescence and dilapidated condition of the Polo Grounds and the inability to secure a more modern stadium in the New York area, the Giants left in 1957 after nearly three-quarters of a century to move to the West Coast. The ballpark then sat largely vacant for the next three years, until the newly-formed Titans and then the newly-formed Mets moved in, using the Polo Grounds as an interim home while Shea Stadium was being built. (As a 1962 baseball magazine noted, "The Mets will have to play in the Polo Grounds, hardly the last word in 20th Century stadia.")

In the 1992 book The Gospel According to Casey, by Ira Berkow and Jim Kaplan, it is reported that in 1963, the Mets manager Casey Stengel, who had bittersweet memories of his playing days at the grounds, had this to say to Tracy Stallard during a rough outing, to a pitcher whose greatest claim to fame had been giving up Roger Maris' 61st homer in 1961: "At the end of this season, they're gonna tear this joint down. The way you're pitching, the right field section will be gone already!"

The final incarnation of the stadium was indeed demolished in 1964, and a public housing project was erected on the site. Demolition of the Polo Grounds began in April of that year with the same wrecking ball that had been used four years earlier on Ebbets Field. The wrecking crew wore Giants jerseys and tipped their hard hats to the historic stadium as they began the dismantling. It took a crew of 60 workers more than four months to level the structure.

[edit] Timeline and teams

• Polo Grounds I
  • Giants (National League), 1883-1888
  • Mets (American Association), 1883-1885
• Polo Grounds II (otherwise known as Manhattan Field)
  • Giants (NL), 1889-1890
• Polo Grounds III (originally called Brotherhood Park)
  • Giants (Players' League), 1890
  • Giants (NL), 1891-1911
• Polo Grounds IV (also known as Brush Stadium in the 1911-1919)
  • Giants (NL), 1911-1957
  • Yankees (American League), 1913-1922
  • Giants (NFL), 1925-1955
  • Bulldogs (NFL) 1949
  • Titans/Jets (AFL), 1960-1963
  • Mets (NL), 1962-1963

[edit] Dimensions

Compiled from various photos, baseball annuals, and Green Cathedrals by Phil Lowry.

1890

• Left Field Line - 335 ft. (not posted)
• Center Field - 500 ft. (not posted)
• Right Field Line - 335 ft. (not posted)

1911-1922

• Left Field Line - 277 ft. (not posted)
• Center Field - 433 ft. (not posted)
• Right Field Line - 258 ft. (not posted)

1923-1957

• Left Field Line - 279 ft. (not posted)
• Left Field Upper Deck Overhang - about 250 ft.
• Shallow Left Center - 315 ft.
• Left Center 1 - 360 ft.
• Left Center 2 - 414 ft.
• Deep Left Center - 447 ft. left of bullpen curve
• Deep Left Center - 455 ft. right of bullpen curve
• Center Field - approx. 425 ft. (unposted) corners of runways
• Center Field - 483 ft. posted on front of clubhouse balcony, sometimes 475 ft.
• Center Field - 505 ft. (unposted) sometimes given as total C.F. distance
• Deep Right Center - 455 ft. left of bullpen curve
• Deep Right Center - 449 ft. right of bullpen curve
• Right Center 2 - 395 ft.
• Right Center 1 - 338 ft.
• Shallow Right Center - 294 ft.
• Right Field Line - 257 ft. 3 3/8 in. (not posted)
• Backstop - 65 ft. sometimes also given as 74 ft.

[edit] Seating capacity

1911-1922

• 34,000

1923-1957

• 56,000

[edit] See also

• Polo Grounds Shuttle, an elevated railway shuttle to the grounds

[edit] Sources

• Green Cathedrals, by Philip J. Lowry
• Ballparks of North America, by Michael Benson
• Land of the Giants: New York's Polo Grounds, by Stew Thornley
• Summer in the City, text by Vic Ziegel, N.Y. Daily News photos edited by Claus Guglberger

[edit] External links

• Polo Grounds dynamic diagram at Clem's Baseball
• Project Ballpark, Polo Grounds I
• Project Ballpark, Polo Grounds II (covers second through fourth Polo Grounds)
• San Francisco Giants : History : Ballparks
• The 1947 All-Ireland final
• American Soccer History Archives
• National Soccer Hall of Fame

Preceded by first ballpark	Home of the New York Giants 1883–1888	Succeeded by Oakland Park 1889
Preceded by St. George Cricket Grounds 1889	Home of the New York Giants 1889–1911	Succeeded by Hilltop Park 1911
Preceded by Hilltop Park 1911	Home of the New York Giants 1911–1957	Succeeded by Seals Stadium 1958–1959
Preceded by Hilltop Park 1903–1912	Home of the New York Yankees 1913–1922	Succeeded by Yankee Stadium 1923–1973
Preceded by first ballpark	Home of the New York Mets 1962–1963	Succeeded by Shea Stadium 1964–present
Preceded by first ballpark	Home of the New York Giants (NFL) 1925–1955	Succeeded by Yankee Stadium 1956–1973
Preceded by first ballpark	Home of the New York Titans 1960–1963	Succeeded by Shea Stadium 1964–1983
Preceded by Comiskey Park	Host of the All-Star Game 1934	Succeeded by Cleveland Stadium
Preceded by Briggs Stadium	Host of the All-Star Game 1942	Succeeded by Shibe Park
Preceded by Gilmore Stadium 1939 and 1940	Home of the NFL All-Star Game 1941	Succeeded by Shibe Park 1942