Reapportionment Act of 1929
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The Reapportionment Act of 1929 was a combined census and reapportionment bill passed by the United States Congress which established a permanent method for apportioning U.S. House of Representatives seats according to each census. The bill neither repealed nor restated the requirements of the previous apportionment acts — that districts be contiguous, compact, and equally populated.
It was not clear if these requirements were still in effect until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the matter of Wood v. Broom, 287 U.S. 1 (1932) that the provisions of each apportionment act affected only the apportionment for which they were written. Thus the size and population requirements, last stated in the Apportionment Act of 1911, expired immediately with the enactment of the subsequent Apportionment Act.
The permanent Act of 1929 gave little direction concerning congressional districting. It merely established a system in which House seats would be reallocated to states which have shifts in population. The lack of recommendations concerning districts had several significant effects.
The one of the districting effects of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 allowed states to draw districts of varying size and shape. It also allowed states to abandon districts altogether and elect at least some representatives at large, which several states chose to do, including New York, Illinois, Washington, Hawaii, and New Mexico. For example, in the 88th Congress (in the early 1960s) 22 of the 435 representatives were elected at-large.
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287 U.S. 1 Wood v Broom
