Sakya
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- This articles concerns the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism. For information on the ancient Śākya tribe, see Shakya.
The Sakya (Tibetan: ས་སྐྱ་) school is one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the others being the Nyingma, Kagyu, and Gelug. It is one of the Red Hat sects along with the Nyingma and Kagyu.
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[edit] Origins
The name Sakya (literally, Pale Earth) derives from the unique grey landscape of Ponpori Hills in southern Tibet near Shigatse, where the first monastery of this tradition was built by Khon Konchog Gyalpo (1034-1102) in 1073. The Sakya tradition developed during the second period of translation of Buddhist scripture from Sanskrit into Tibetan in the late eleventh century. The tradition was founded by the "Five Venerable Supreme Masters":
- Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092 - 1158)
- Sonam Tsemo (1142 - 1182)
- Drakpa Gyaltsen (1147 - 1216)
- Sakya Pandita (1182 - 1251)
- Chogyal Pakpa (1235 - 1280)
[edit] Teachings
Sachen, the first of the five supreme Masters, received a wealth of tantric doctrines from numerous Tibetan translators or "lotsawas" who had visited India, most importantly Drokmi Lotsawa, Bari Lotsawa and Mal Lotsawa. From Drokmi comes the supreme teaching of Sakya, the system of Lamdre (lam 'bras) or "Path and its Fruit", deriving from the siddha Virupa (Birwapa/Birupa) and based upon the Hevajra Tantra. Mal Lotsawa introduced to Sakya the esoteric Vajrayogini lineage known as "Naro Khachoma." From Bari Lotsawa came innumerable tantric practices, foremost of which was the cycle of practices known as the One Hundred Sadhanas. Other key transmissions that form part of the Sakya spiritual curriculum include the cycles of Vajrakilaya, Mahakala and Guhyasamaja.
The fourth Sakya patriarch, Sakya Pandita, was notable for his exceptional scholarship and composed many important and influential texts on sutra and tantra, including, Clarifying the Thought of the Sage and Discriminating the Three Vows.
The main difference with the other schools is that there are two distinct forms of teaching. One form is meant for a generic audience which is mainly based on sutra and private education which is mainly trantic. Many Tibetan masters from other schools have received the private teaching of the Sakya in addition to the teachings of their own schools.
[edit] Subschools
In due course, two subsects emerged from the main Sakya lineage,
- Ngor, founded by Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo (b.1382)
- Tshar, founded by Tsarchen Losal Gyamtso (1496 - 1560)
[edit] Feudal lordship over Tibet
In 1264 the feudal lordship over Tibet was given to Phagpa by the Mongolian emperor, Kublai Khan. Sakya lamas continued to serve as viceroys of Tibet on behalf of the Mongol emperors for nearly 75 years after Phagpa’s demise (1280), until the Emperor of China subjugated the Mongols.
[edit] Sakya today
The head of the Sakya school, known as Sakya Trizin ("holder of the Sakya throne"), is always drawn from the male line of the Khön family. The present Sakya Trizin, His Holiness Ngawang Kunga Tegchen Palbar Samphel Wanggi Gyalpo, born in Tsedong in 1945, is the forty-first to hold that office. He resides in Rajpur, India.
[edit] The Rimé movement
During the 19th century the great Sakya master and terton Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, the famous Kagyu master Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye and the important Nyingma terton Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa founded the Rime movement, an ecumenical attempt to incorporate all teachings of all schools, to overcome the separation of Buddhist transmission in different traditions.
This movement still influences modern Tibetan Buddhist practice through the "five great treasures" of Jamgon Kongtrul and the treasure of rediscovered teachings (Rinchen Terdzöd).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
History of the Sakya Tradition, Ganesha Press, 1993
