The first four Sunni Caliphs and the Sunnah
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Draabroo 21:10, 8 February 2007 (UTC)FOUR RIGHTEOUS CALIPHS OF ISLAM
ARTICLE By 'Dr Aabroo Aman Andrabi
Abu Bakr 632-34
Umar ibn Khatab 634- 644
Uthman ibn Affan 644-656
Ali ibn Abu Talib 656-661
Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq The First Caliph of Islam
Birth: 573 in Makkah
Father: Uthman (known as Abu Qahafa)
Mother: Salma (known as Umm-ul-Khair)
Belonged: branch of the Quraish
First man: to fill the place of the Prophet.
Two years: younger than the Prophet.
His parents named him: Abdul Kaaba.
Prophet changed: Abdullah.
Most respected personality: After Prophets in Islam.
First male adult: to embrace Islam
Title: "Siddiq" ("the truthful")
Siddiq' : a person so sincere of heart
Fought against: Hypocrites (who left Islam)
First Hajj under Islam: ninth year of Hijra.
Lead the Hajj in place of the Prophet.
Read the Khutba (Sermon) of Hajj.
Abu Bakr became Caliph: by the general consent of the people.
Abu Bakr's Calpihate: For two yaears
(2 years, 3 months and 10 days)
During this short period:
He was able to do great things for Islam.
Achievements have made his name immortal.
Placed him among the greatest men of all time
Humblest servant of his people
Deepest love and respect for all classes of people.
Had put Islam on the road to worldwide expansion
Spent every minute of the last two years of life in the service of his people
He was: Honest
Truthful
A rich merchant
Very kind-hearted
Firm in faith
Faithful agent of Allah and His Apostle
Service to the Prophet:
Very close to the holy Prophet.
Knew him better than any other man
First among men to believe in the Prophet's mission
First adult male to accept Islam
Began to preach Islam to others
Among them were men like:
Uthman, Zubair,
Talha, Abdur Rahman bin Auf and
Saad bin Waqqas
Participation in Battles:
Uhad
Hunain
Badr
(Treaty) of hudabiya
Tabuk
conquered Hira.
Anbar
Ain-ut-Tamr
War with Byzantian:
In the year 13 A.H
He prepared a big army
Abu Bakr gave the following instructions to their commanders:
1. Always fear Allah. He knows what is in men's hearts.
2. Be kind to the men under you and treat them well.
3. Directions given should be brief.
4. Improve your conduct first.
5. Honor the representatives of the enemy.
6. Keep your own arrangement a secret.
7. Be always truthful so you can get good advice.
8. At night when you are free, sit among your men.
9. Make good arrangements for the watch and ward of the army.
10. Keep away from untruthful men.
11. Be sincere to all whom you have dealings.
12. Beward of cowardice and dishonesty.
Abu Bakr's Last Illness: On the 7th of Jamadi-ul-Akhir,
13 A.H., Abu Bakr was taken ill.
Had severed fever
Omar's Nomination: For Welfare of Muslims
Abu Bakr Passes Away: After an illness of two weeks,
He was sixty-three at the time.
He was buried by the side of the Holy Prophet.
He lived and worked for Islam to the last breath.
Hazrat Umar The Second Caliph of Islam
Birth: 568 in Makkah
Father: Al-Khattab
Belonged: Tribe of "Adi", a branch of the Quraish
Two years: Younger than the Prophet.
His parents named him: Abu Hafs
(A patronymic name of old traditions)
Most respectful personality: After Abu Bakr
Was completely: Opposed to Prophet at first
Embraced Islam: By the virtue of an explicit suplication
In sixth year of Prophet's mission
By his sister Fatima
Most popular story: of the Islamic history
His sister: reading Quran
umar came she tried to: Hide that section of quran
umar took: The text from her
Read it: Himself
He was greately moved: By these Divine words
He asked immediately: For conversion
His Conversion: Strengthened Islam
Community became: Very strong
Famed for his: Bravery,
Intelligence,
A towering personality
Became Real organizer: New formed community of the believers
Became one of: Prophets Advisors
His part was: more of a councilor
Than of a solider
Title: Al-Farooq"
(One who makes the clear difference between Right and Wrong)
Was given the reward: of Heaven in the world by Prophet
Was the strongest and brave: in all the Makkah
Nobody could dare: to fight with Him
Was one who took: Prophet in Kaaba to offer Namaz
(First time in history)
The wordings to Kuffars were:
"If anyone want to make his children
Orphan and wife as a widow, do stop us!"
He donated: his half of the property
in the way of ALLAH
Became caliph: After the death of Abu Bakr.
On 22nd of Jamadi-uth-Thani 13 A.H
(23rd Aug. 634 A.C.)
Nominated by: Hazrat Abu Bakr
Accepted by: Majority of companions
Without: Any hesitation
First Muslim ruler: To establish a Public Treasury,
A welfare system,
Organize a census,
Strike coins and many more reforms
Managed to control: fiercely independent Bedouins
Executing successfully: His plans of expansion
His great Caliphate: Approximately 10 years
The most popular
And memorable Caliphate
The "Golden Age" of Islam
He was:
The strongest and brave
The most fair and just in ever
A man of extraordinary genius
An exemplary administrator
A great conqueror
The real founder of political system of Islam
Very pious Muslim
The founder of a great Islamic State
The most just ruler in the Islamic History
The founder of modern democratic system,
The best example of an ideal character,
Famous for his great achievements
Participation in Battles:
Uhad
Hunain
Badr
(Treaty) of hudabiya
Tabuk
conquered Hira.
Anbar
Ain-ut-Tamr
Qadisiya
Jalula
All battles in Persia
During his period:
Islam became a world power.
Followed the footsteps of the Holy Prophet
The empires of Persia and Byzantine crumbled before the arm of Islam.
He enforced Divine Law (Shari'ah) as the code of Islamic State;
He safeguarded the internal safety by introducing the police force:
He gave stipends to the poor;
He constructed cantonments and forts for the safety of Islamic armies;
He founded new cities for the growth of Islamic culture and civilization;
He improved agriculture and economics of the Islamic State;
He founded the educational system in an Islamic State;
Muslims were now able to offer their Salat publicly.
Umar Passed Away:
26th Dhul-Hajj, 23 Hijri (643 A.C)
He was 61 years old.
He was buried next to the side of the Prophet.
He lived and worked for Islam to the last breath.
Hazrat Usman The Third Caliph of Islam
Birth: 577 AD
Father: 'Affaan
Mother: Arwa
Belonged: Umayyad Family
Six years: Younger than the Prophet.
Embraced Islam: Without questioning
In sixth year of Prophet's mission
Title: Zun Noorain
(The possesor of two lights)
Became caliph: After the death of Umar
Usman's Election:
Umar nominated: A six-man council to choose a Caliph
Ali,
Usman,
Abdur Rehman bin Auf,
Saad bin Abi Waqaas,
Zubair bin Awwam
Talha bin Obaidullah.
Usman: Became the third Caliph of Islam.
He was: Very close to the Prophet.
Signed the treaty of Hudaibiya
Very gentle and soft-hearted man
An important part in the peace talks
Sent by the Prophet to contact the Quraish
Firm stand at last forced the Quraish to yield ground
One of the scribes of the Prophet
One who wrote portions of the Qur'an as they revealed
whom the Prophet gave good news of the kingdom of Heaven
Having a high place among the Companions
Advisors of Abu Bakr and Omar during their Caliphate
Expansion of the Empire
Conquered: Azarbaijan
Armenia
Cypress Occupied
City of Amuria
Mediterranean
In 26 A.H. occupied Tripoli.
Alexandria
City of Yaquba
Byzantine
Tunisia and Morocco
Whole of North Africa
Persia and Tabristan
Usman’s Murder:
Usman was: Reciting the Qur'an
Muhammad bin Abu Bakr: leading the party of assassins
He got hold: Caliph's beard and pulled it.
Another man hit: Caliph on the head with an axe
The third struck him: with a sword.
Naila, the wife of Usman: Had her fingers cut off
(trying to shield her husband)
One of them, Amr bin Hamq: cut off Usman’s head.
Murder: A rude shock to everybody
Usman was murdered: Friday, the 17th of Dhul Hijja, 35 A.H.
Usman's dead body: lay unburied
Rioters would not allow: Anyone to bury it.
At Ali's request: Rioters allowed the burial
Late in the evening: 17 men carried the dead body
(to Medina and buried it there)
Usman was: Caliph for about twelve years
Hazrat Ali The Fourth Caliph of Islam
Birth: 600 CE
(13 Rajab in 28th year of the Elephant era)
Died: 661 CE
Father: Abi Talib (real name: 'Abd Manaf)
Mother: Fatima ibn Asad
Belonged to: Hashimites
Cousin and Son in Law: Prophet.
First among the non adults: To embrace Islam on the call of Prophet.
Bravest: Companion of Prophet.
Thirty years: Younger than the Prophet.
First person he saw after his birth: The Prophet.
Prophet named him: Ali (derivative of Allah)
Title: "Lion of God."
Became caliph: After the death of Uthman.
Periods in the life of Hadrat Ali
Divided into: Three distinct periods First period: First 32 years of his life
(From 600 to 632 CE)
This period: Period of the education and action. Received his education under: The loving care of the Prophet imbibed with values of Islam; acquired all the attributes that contribute to greatness. He distinguished himself: As a great warrior in the battles of
Badr, Uhud and the Ditch.
His crowning success: conquest of the Khyber. In this battle he killed: Men [through hand-to-hand combat] He came to be known: As the "Lion of God." Acted as: A Justice Acquired fame: For his wise, well-reasoned judgments. Acted as: The Governor of Yemen Acquired: Good deal of experience as administrator Had the honour of announcing: The verses of the Holy Qur'an The second period: of the life of Hadrat Ali. Although acted as: The Counsellor to Caliphs He generally: kept aloof from active politics The period of: Inaction and contemplation Ali spent this period: Mostly in prayer,
religious exercises and
dialogue with God.
Third period began: when Ali was elected as Caliph. This period lasted: for five years. He found the caliphate: to be a bed of thorns. During those five years, he fought three battles:
(i) the Battle of the Camel,
(ii) the Battle of Siffin, and
(iii) the Battle of Nahrawan.
All these battles against: the Muslims It was a matter of: the great shock for him, Instead of fighting against: non-Muslims, He had to fight against: Muslims. During this period, He suffered
(Of repeated and continuous betrayals)
He was betrayed:
By Banu Umayya
(Muawiyah accused Ali involvement in the murder of Hadrat Othman)
By the people of Medina
(Who did not respond to his call to undertake 'jihad' against Muawiyah)
By Talha and Zubair:
(Who took the oath of allegiance [from] him and later defected)
By Hadrat A'isha his mother-in-law:
(Who took top arms against him)
By the people of Basra
(Who had taken the oath of allegiance [from] him but later defected)
By his own army at siffin:
(Who would not fight when the victory was in sight)
By his empire Abu Musa Ashari:
(Who instead of defending his cause, deposed him)
By Khurrity b. Raashid:
(Who had been his ally, but later revolted against him, and created trouble in Basra)
By his own brother Aquil:
(Who was not satisfied with the allowance that Hadrat Ali gave him, and joined Muawiyah who rewarded him handsomely)
By his cousin Abdullah b. Abbas:
(When he had appointed as the Governor of Basra, and who left his post after misappropriated heavy fines from the Bait-ul-Mal)
He was:
Enlightened
Experienced
Wise
Valiant -- the embodiment of virtue.
Strongest and brave
Most learned man of his age
A living encyclopedia of knowledge
Authority on Mathematics
Most eloquent person of the age
Master of the science of Physics
Had a deep medical knowledge
A calligrapher and wrote in a beautiful hand
Regarded as the "father of fiqh" [Jurisprudence]
Regarded as the "father of Sufism
His relationship with the Prophet
• The Prophet gave him his name.
• As an infant sucking the tongue of the Prophet.
• The first cousin of the Prophet.
• Became a ward of the Prophet
• Was brought up as a family member of the household of the Prophet.
• He received his training under the Prophet.
• Was the first teenager to be converted to Islam
• He risked his life for the sake of the Prophet.
• Slept on his bed when the Prophet left for Medina.
• The Prophet married his beloved daughter Fatima to Hadrat Ali.
• Commissioned by the Prophet to write the agreement of Hudaybia.
• the only person to whom the Prophet referred to as the "Maula" [Master] of the Ummah
• When the Prophet proposed "Mubahala" [a special kind of debate] with the Christians and the Najran, he chose Hadrat Ali as his "second man."
• The progeny of the Prophet descends through Hadrat Ali.
• When the Prophet died, Hadrat Ali washed him and prepared his dead body for burial.
His valour
• Participated in all the wars of early Islam.
• All the battles, he was the flag-bearer.
• Was the greatest man among the Muslims
• unusual bravery, he won such titles
"Asad Allah," (the Lion of God)
"Haidar-e-Karrar" (the warrior who nobody could match)
• During his lifetime, he killed over 1000 enemies.
• In the Battle of Badr alone killed two dozen people.
• He was the conqueror of the Khyber
DR AABROO AMAN ANDRABI
Draabroo 21:26, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
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The Sunnah, the customs and practices of Muhammad, is a key source of Islamic law and morality. After Muhammad's death, controversies arose as to what constituted the Sunnah, and whether his successors were truly implementing the Sunnah. The first four caliphs, the rashidun, are particularly significant to modern intra-Islamic debates: for Sunnis, they are models of righteous rule, while for Shias, three of the four were usurpers. The question's importance is increased by the fact that bid'a, innovation in beliefs or worship contradicting Prophetic practice, is condemned in Islamic tradition; however, the possibility of praiseworthy innovation that does not contradict Prophetic practice is also recognized in Sunni tradition[1].
In some cases, a hadith (oral tradition) records dispute among the sahaba, Muhammad's companions, as to whether a given action was sunnah or not; in others, a hadith states simply that a given action was an innovation; in yet other cases, a given group's tradition unambiguously condemns the action as contrary to the sunna.
Contents |
[edit] Abu Bakr
[edit] Sunni view
- First of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Khulafa al-Rashidun of the Prophet.
- Considered as the most respected personality after Prophets in Islam.
- The first of the male adults to embrace Islam on the call of Prophet Muhammad.
- Honored as Al-Siddiq ("the truthful") for his support of Prophet Muhammad.
- Supported and remained with the Prophet Muhammad in the worst of times, as during Hijrah.
- Prophet Muhammd had not designated anyone in his life to be the next leader of Muslims.
- Fought against those hypocrites who left Islam by refusing to pay the zakaah (the 3rd pillar of Islam) just because the Messenger of Allah was not there any longer. It is legitimate to fight these people (Qur'an 9:5, 9;29)
- Allah sent "His peace" on Abu Bakr (Qur'an 9:40).
[edit] Shia view
- Abrogated Ali's leadership.
- Abu Bakr payed the Prophets debts in spite of him telling that only Ali was allowed to do that Muslim.
- Killed Muslims only because they didn't recognise his leadership and didn't want to give him Taxes Bukhari.
[edit] Umar
[edit] Sunni view
- Second of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Khulafa al-Rashidun of the Prophet.
- Embraced Islam by the virtue of an explicit suplication [?dict.] of Prophet Muhammad about him.
- His views in some matters were confirmed by subsequent revelations of Qur'an.
- During his Reign Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate.
- First Muslim ruler to establish a Public Treasury, a welfare system, organize a census, strike coins and many more reforms.
- Give governorship of Madina (the capital of the Islamic lands) to Ali, when he left for Palestine.
[edit] Shia view
- Changed the Fajr adhan Muwatta. Sunni answer
- Umar took the solitary prayer of the month of ramadhan and changed it to a congretional prayer, Tarawih. Muslim, This link does not mention anything about Ali or that he should pay the Prophet's (PBUH)debts.Bukhari.
- Forbade Nikah Mut'ah.
(Shia believe that Ali, Abu Dharr, Ibn Abbas and other's have been used in fabricated hadith aimed at taking of some blame from Umar's actions.)
[edit] Uthman
[edit] Sunni view
- Third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Khulafa al-Rashidun of the Prophet.
- Named Dhu al-Naûrayn (Possessor of two lights) a reference to his marriage with two daughters of the Prophet.
- Ali bin Abi Talib once said: "Uthman was one of those, about who Qur'an says: 5.93
- Considered as generous as he was wealthy among the Sahaba.
- He has been credited for compiling Qur'an into its current form.
[edit] Shia view
- Annulled the two rak'ah journey prayer Sahih Muslim 4.1477, 4.1483 Sahih Bukhari 20.196, 20.188, 20.206.
- Exiled Abu Dharr Ghifari, causing his death.
- Ended the Exile of Marwan ibn al-Hakam.
[edit] Ali
[edit] Sunni view
- Fourth and Last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs khulafa al RashidunCompanions of the Prophet.
- Cousin and Dearest Son in Law of Prophet.
- First among the non adults to embrace Islam on the call of Prophet.
- Has the privilege of being the bravest companion of Prophet.
- Tried to unify the Ummah for the last time during his caliphate
- Ali was a profoundly religious man devoted entirely to the cause of Islam.
- Ali was adopted by the Prophet and lived with him in the same house.
- Ali was extreamly brave.
- He used to display great feats of courage and bravery during the military campaigns.
- He was also one of the Prophet's scribes.
- He was choosen by the Prophet for several important missions.
- Ali was invited by the Muslims of Madinah to accept the Caliphate after the murder of Uthman, the third caliph.
Draabrooaman 04:03, 10 January 2007 (UTC)Dr.AabrooAman Andrabi
[edit] Shia view
- Restored all the above to the default: "I will not leave the tradition of the Prophet on the saying of somebody." Bukhari .
