Turkish Cypriots
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Turkish Cypriots are those inhabitants of Cyprus who are ethnically Turkish[1], as opposed to those who are of Greek (the Greek Cypriots) or other ethnicities. Within Northern Cyprus the term is sometimes used to refer explicitly to indigenous Cypriots as opposed to Anatolian Turkish migrants who have settled there in the past three decades.
There are more than 447,000[citation needed] Turkish Cypriots in the world. A census took place in the TRNC at the end of April 2006 the results of this census which are disputed by the Republic of Cyprus have said that the population of Northern Cyprus was 264,172 [2]. There has been no de facto census since 1960. [3] There are approx. 200,000 Turkish Cypriots in the United Kingdom, 50,000 in Australia, 10,000 in North America, 2,000 in the Republic of Cyprus and 5,000 spread across other countries. Number of Turkish Cypriots in Turkey is unclear; one Turkish Cypriot source [4] suggests 500,000 but this information is unverified.
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[edit] History
With the Ottoman conquest, the ethnic and cultural composition of Cyprus changed drastically. Although the island had been ruled by Venetians, its population was Greek. Turkish rule brought an influx of settlers speaking a different language and entertaining other cultural traditions and beliefs. In accordance with the decree of Sultan Selim II, some 5,720 households left Turkey from the Karaman, Içel, Konya, Alanya, Antalya, and Aydın regions of Anatolia and migrated to Cyprus. The Turkish migrants were largely farmers, but some earned their livelihoods as shoemakers, tailors, weavers, cooks, masons, tanners, jewelers, miners, and workers in other trades. In addition, some 12,000 soldiers, 4,000 cavalrymen, and 20,000 former soldiers and their families stayed in Cyprus.
According to Ottoman historian Professor Ronald Jennings, up to one third of Muslims in Cyprus listed in court records in the early sixteenth century were converts to the religion from Christianity. Jennings as well as other historians notes that a majority of Muslim later to become Turkish Cypriot villages were formerly either the estates of Latins or Maronites, suggesting that conversion to Islam was from Catholicism and not Greek Orthodoxy in the initial period of Ottoman rule. Travelling pilgrim Rev. Jerome Dandini noted during his visit to the island that these converts formed a Muslim-Christian Sect of Crypto-Christians, the derogatory local name of which is "linobamvaki" meaning "Cotton-Linen Sect" owing to the unceretainty of whether these people were Christians or Muslims. In terms of language, the community, which it is claimed formed one third of Muslim Cypriots in the 19th century spoke Greek in preference to Turkish, which was the lingua franca on the island as indeed in Anatolia and the Pontus for all Eastern Christians.
The Ottoman Empire allowed its non-Muslim ethnic communities (or millets) a degree of autonomy if they paid their taxes and were obedient subjects. The millet system permitted Greek Cypriots to remain in their villages and maintain their traditional institutions. The Turkish immigrants often lived by themselves in new settlements, but many lived in the same villages as Greek Cypriots. For the next four centuries, the two communities lived side by side throughout the island. Despite this physical proximity, each ethnic community had its own culture and there was little intermingling. Both communities, for example, considered interethnic marriage taboo[citation needed], although it did sometimes occur.
Until the island came under British administration in 1878, there were only rough estimates of Cyprus's population and its ethnic breakdown. In more recent times, population figures became highly controversial after it was agreed that the government established in 1960 was to be staffed at a 70-to-30 ratio of Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although the latter made up only 18 percent of the island's population. For this reason, the population figures were a vital issue in the island's government, likely to affect any far-reaching political settlements in the 1990s.
About 40,000 to 60,000 Turks lived on Cyprus in the late sixteenth century, according to Ottoman migration figures. In the eighteenth century, the British consul in Syria believed that the Turkish population on the island outnumbered the Greek population by a ratio of two to one. According to his estimates, the Greek Cypriots numbered 20,000 and the Turkish population around 60,000. Most historians do not accept his estimate, however. If there was a Turkish majority, it did not last. By the time of the first British census of the island in 1881, Greek Cypriots numbered 140,000 and Turkish Cypriots 42,638. One reason suggested for the small number of Turkish Cypriots was that many of them sold their property and migrated to mainland Turkey when the island was placed under British administration.
There was a significant Turkish Cypriot exodus from the island between 1950 and 1974 when thousands left the island, mainly for Britain and Australia. The migration had two phases. The first lasted from 1950 to 1960, when Turkish Cypriots benefited from liberal British immigration policies as the island gained its independence, and many Turkish Cypriots settled in London, escaping the civil unrest on the island.
The few years leading to 1974 the number of Turkish Cypriots on the island remained mainly constant. The number of Turkish Cypriots in 1974 was 118,000.
On July 15, 1974, EOKA-B took power in Cyprus with a military coup backed by the Greek junta; Turkey used this as a pretext for intervention to secure the welfare of Turkish Cypriot population and subsequently occupied the north of the island. In this process, there have been expulsion of populations from both Greek and Turkish sides. According to Turkish Cypriot newspapers, over one third of Turkish Cypriots emigrated from the occupied area between 1974-1995 because of the economic and social deprivation, mainly a result of the ongoing international embargo on the TRNC. On the contrary, some Turkish settlers from Anatolia moved to the island, whose number reached around 115.000 (2001 figures), which is in fact a violation to the Geneva Conventions Protocol of 1977 since the Turkish occupation has been declared illegal by the UN. As a result the Turkish Cypriots who remain are today outnumbered by the Turkish security forces together with the settlers.[citation needed]
[edit] Famous Turkish Cypriots
chronological order of birthdates
- Kıbrıslı Mehmet Emin Pasha - 3-times Ottoman grand vizier in mid-19th century
- Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Pasha- 5-times Ottoman grand-vizier in late-19th and early-20th century
- Alparslan Türkeş - leading Turkish politician
- Fazıl Küçük - leading politician during the period of the Republic of Cyprus
- Mehmet Nazım Adil - NaqshbandiSufi Shaykh and Grand Mufti of The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- Rauf Denktaş - founder of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- Vamik Volkan - psychoanalyst and author
- Asil Nadir - international businessman of the seventies and eighties
- Mehmet Ali Talat - President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (Only recognised by Turkey)
- Mustafa Halilsoy - prominent physicist in the field of Physics of Gravitational Waves
- Ulus Baker - sociologist
- Fatima Whitbread - javelin thrower
- Sümer Erek - painter
- Acar Akalın - guitarist/composer
- Hüseyin Çakmak - cartoonist/journalist
- Hüseyin Çağlayan - top fashion designer
- Okan Ersan - guitarist
- Mustafa Izzet - football player
- Ziynet Sali - singer
- Metin Huseyin - film director
- Alp Haydar - British actor
- Tamer Hassan - famous actor
- Sezer Yurtseven - British Big Brother 7 contestant
- Sezai Türkeş - businessman in Turkey, founder of STFA construction company
- Haldun Dormen - Artist living in Istanbul
- Zeki Alasya - Artist living in Istanbul
- Nil Burak - Pop music singer
- Işın Karaca - Pop music singer
- Danny Mertsoy-Professional Young actor Played Ishmael in the film The ABRAHAM, also played in various roles in BBC like East enders.
- Mehmet Zeka- (Mehmet Zekia) Barrister-at-law , Judge . Represented Cyprus at European Court of Human Rights Birth 1903 died 1984
[edit] Bibliographical orientation
- Baybars, Taner, Plucked in a far-off land, London: Victor Gollancz, 1970.
- Beckingham, C. F., The Cypriot Turks, Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, vol. 43, pp. 126-30, 1956.
- Beckingham, C. F., The Turks of Cyprus, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. vol 87(II), pp. 165-74. July-Dec. 1957.
- Beckingham, C. F., Islam and Turkish nationalism in Cyprus, Die Welt des Islam, NS, Vol 5, 65-83, 1957.
- Committee on Turkish Affairs, An investigation into matters concerning and affecting the Turkish community in Cyprus: Interim report, Nicosia: Government Printing Office, 1949.
- Dandini, Jerome. Voyage du Mont Liban / traduit de l'Italien du R. P. Jerome Dandini ... Ou il est traité tant de la créance ... des Maronites, que des plusieurs particularitez touchant les Turcs ... avec des remarques sur la theologie des chrétiens & ... des mahometans. Par R. S. P.
- Jennings, Ronald C. , Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640, New York University Studies in Near Eastern Civilization-Number XVIII, New York University Press, New York and London, 1993-Acknowledgments ix-xi + 428 pp.
- Oakley, Robin, The Turkish peoples of Cyprus, in Margaret Bainbridge, ed, The Turkic peoples of the world. (pp. 85-117), New York: Kegan Paul, 1993
