Ronald Richter
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Ronald Richter (1909-1991) fue un científico austríaco, luego argentino que se hizo famoso en conexión con el Proyecto Huemul de Argentina, un intento para generar energía de la fusión nuclear en los 1950s, durante la presidencia de Juan Domingo Perón. La propaganda antiperonista, luego de la caída de Perón, publicó en las páginas de los diarios porteños de octubre de 1955 que:[1]
(...) el proyecto de Richter repartiría energia barata en botellas de 1/2 L y de 1 L, no muy distintas de las actuales botellas de leche.
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[editar] Nacionalidad
De origen germano, Richter habría nacido en Falkenau an der Eger, durante el dominio austrohúngaro de esta región de los Sudetes checos que es actualmente parte de la República Checa (donde fue conocida hasta 1948 como Falknov nad Ohří, y luego renombrada Sokolov).
Diferentes fuentes atribuyen a Richter la nacionalidad austríaca o alemana. Tras la derrota de Adolf Hitler en 1945 emigró a Argentina, donde poco después consiguió la ciudadanía gracias al interés que despertaron sus proyectos en el gobierno peronista.
[editar] Estudios
Richter asistió a la Universidad Alemana de Praga, aunque las fuentes difieren sobre el tipo y profundidad de sus estudios. De acuerdo con Gambini (1999, v.1, p.396), Richter obtuvo un doctorado en ciencias naturales en 1955. Otros autores, por el contrario afirman que no logró su posgrado debido a que malinterpretó el resultado de sus investigaciones: creyó haber encontrado una fuente de "rayos delta" en la superficie misma de la Tierra, aunque en realidad estaba detectando la dispersión a nivel del suelo de rayos X provenientes de otras fuentes.
En este sentido, en mayo de 2004 Richard Gans afirmó:
Richter elaboró una tesis en la Universidad Alemana de Praga, en la que proponía detectar "rayos delta" emitidos desde la Tierra. El profesor Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg no estuvo de acuerdo con el proyecto. El "joven genio" se retiró a trabajar en otro lugar y terminó graduandose en una especialidad diferente.
Kurt Sitte sostiene una versión complementaria de los hechos:
(...) cuando yo me desempeñaba como asistente del profesor Furth en el Departamento de Física Experimental de la Universidad de Praga, [Richter] intentó interesarnos en un proyecto fantástico. Había leído (no en una publicación científica, desde luego) sobre el descubrimiento de una misteriosa radiación, los "rayos terrestres", que irradiaban desde el interior de la Tierra y causaban una inmensa variedad de fabulosos efectos. Él quería investigar sobre este fenómeno. Estaba muy excitado con la idea y fue muy difícil convencerlo (si realmente lo logramos) de que la "evidencia" citada era espuria.[1]
Su tesis nunca fue publicada.[2]
[editar] Trabajos
[editar] Europa
Durante trabajos estuvo en Alemania en el periodo 1939-1943, conoce a Kurt Tank, un reconocido ingeniero aeronáutico; y más tarde migrarian a Argentina, ayudados por el gobierno del General Perón, dentro del plan de industrializacion y armamento militar de la nacion, bajo el nombre falso de Pedro Matthies. [2] Esta decision seria logicamente incorrecta, puesto que la unica experiencia comprobable del Sr. Richter en el ambito cientifico fue un trabajo de 6 meeses en un area de explosivos y la concrecion de algnos contratos comerciales. (Roederer, 2003; Mariscotti, 1985).
[editar] Argentina
Recommended to Perón by Kurt Tank, Richter moved to Argentina and was received, according to Gambini (1999, v.1, p.396), by the German industrialist August Siebrecht, ex-nazi spy. He took Richter to Cordoba, where Kurt Tank was developing aircraft. Perón had hired Kurt Tank to design and produce airplanes and Tank was interested in Richter's proposal of using nuclear energy to propel the aircraft. When a short time later Richter was introduced to Perón he proposed him the program that eventually became known as the Huemul Project: production of energy by means of controlled nuclear fusion reactions. A complete description is given in the article Huemul Project. Richter continued to address Tank as Prof. Dr. Pedro Matthies in his correspondence about the Huemul Project (Mariscotti, 1985).
After the termination of the Huemul Project in 1952, Richter appears to have spent periods of time abroad. Eventually he returned to Argentina, where he died in 1991. A terse announcement of Richter's death appeared in an obituary published by Microsemanario (1991).
[editar] Retratos
An emergent characterization of Ronald Richter continues to evolve throughout the examination of multiple biográphic sources that describe and/or comment on Richter and his project. Due to Richter's close association with Juan Perón and Eva Perón and the relevance of nuclear physics for the international scene, the sources cover a wide spectrum. They range from works about the Argentine regime of the time to international evaluations of the Huemul Project in the context of the Cold War and its aftermath.
The following are quotations from books and articles published since then by journalists, biographers, physicists, and historians. Their respective sources are fully referenced below:
From Dujovne Ortiz (1996):
This German “scientist” had succeeded in convincing Perón that he was capable of producing atomic energy. Perón had an atomic plant built for him . . . The country lacked cement to build homes, yet tons of mortar were shuttled to Huemul. With his raincoat and his tousled hair, Richter looked like a mad scientist, and he made everyone laugh — except Perón, who for once was very serious. Evita would say, “The General is very naive.” Needless to say, nothing came of this endeavor.
From Roederer (2003):
That fusion energy project, conceived and directed by Austrian physicist and con artist Ronald Richter, was being developed in absolute secrecy on Isla Huemul...some high-level members of Perón's entourage had serious doubts about Richter's sincerity and the soundness of his ideas. The doubters discreetly sought the advice of scientists from advanced countries — a risky move because of Perón's initial blind support of Richter.... Perón startled the world with his announcement that "the Argentine scientist Richter" — who couldn't speak a word of Spanish — had achieved the controlled release of nuclear-fusion energy. Not one real Argentine physicist was participating in the Huemul project, and not one in the entire country believed in the truth of Perón's announcement.
From Winterberg (2003):
Ronald Richter, Genius or Nut?
From Luzuriaga (2005)
This implies that [Richter] acted under his own delusions...
[editar] Richter, la Ópera: Un Documental Musical
Richter inspired an opera which contains both passionate and erratic expressions together with his references to the spectacular experiments. It has been performed both in Argentina (Teatro Colón) and in France (Théâtre Paris-Villete). Authored by Mario Lorenzo and Esteban Buch, its title is Richter: Ópera Documental de Cámara.
The plot developes poetically framed between the ever present Patagonian winds of the roaring forties and the recurrent breaking of the waves of the lake on the shores of the island . . . until the peace is shattered by German utterances and acoustic bangs.
- Summary and critique. Casullo, Eduardo. La Aventura de la Isla de la Mula: Richter.
- Spectacles. Richter: Opéra documentaire de Mario Lorenzo.
[editar] Bibliografía
- Alemann, Peter (1955). Esto Es, last week of October 1955.
- Confalonieri, Orestes D. (1956). Peron contra Peron, Editorial Antygua, Buenos Aires.
- Dujovne Ortiz, Alicia 1996). Eva Perón. 1st ed.(tr. Fields, Shawn)( New York: St. Martin's Press, 325 p. ISBN 0-312-14599-3. F2849.P37 D8413 1996
- Eloy Martínez, Tomas (1996). Las Memorias del General. Editorial Planeta, Buenos Aires. ISBN 950-742-697-3. See translated excerpt, below.
- Gambini, Hugo (1999). Historia del Peronismo, Editorial Planeta Buenos Aires, 2 vols. ISBN 950-49-0226-X. F2849.G325 1999. See translated excerpt, below.
- Luzuriaga, Javier (2005). Even in Translation, Richter's 'Science' Unimpressive (January 2005). Letter by Luzuriaga, no reply.
- Mariscotti, Mario J. (1985). El secreto atómico de Huemul.. Editorial Planeta, Buenos Aires. ISBN 950-37-0109-0. QC773.3.A7 M37 1985.
- Mayo, Santos (2004). More on the Value of Ronald Richter's Work. (March 2004). Letter by Mayo followed by Winterberg's reply.
- Microsemanario (1991). Microsemanario 2:43, 26 Nov - 2 Dic 1991. Secretaría de Extensión Universitaria de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - UBA.
- Roederer, Juan G. (2003). Early Cosmic-Ray Research in Argentina (January 2003). Article by Roederer containing a section titled "The Argentine scientist Richter".
- Winterberg, Friedwardt (2004). Ronald Richter, Genius or Nut? (August 2003). Letter by Winterberg followed by Roederer's reply.
[editar] Frases
^ * From Gambini (1999, Vol.1, p.398):
"While in a state of delirious enthusiasm [Perón] said [just] anything --recalled Richter-- and ventured to prognosticate that I would obtain for him bottled electric energy. As a consequence of those exaggerations the plan to expand the CADE [main source of electric power for the greater Buenos Aires] was dropped, giving rise to an energy setback."
- From Gambini (1999, Vol.1, p.401):
"[From t]he writer Tomás Eloy Martínez (1996, p.182): ...Perón] was clumsy in announcing the false finding in a resounding manner, assuring that from that moment Argentina would sell nuclear energy for domestic use in bottles of one litre and half a litre. Naturally, this caused what in Argentina has been known [since then as] a 'historical embarrassment.'" NOTE: Eloy Martinez cites the origin of his quotation to be Confalonieri (1956, p.214) who took it from its original source: the newspaper Clarin, Buenos Aires, issue of October 7, 1955.