Revolusi Mexico
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Melayu
Selepas Porfirio Díaz mengundurkan diri, Kongres melantik Francisco León de la Barra sebagai Presiden sementara dan mengadalan pilihanraya. Hasilnya, Francisco I. Madero menjadi Presiden, dan José María Pino Suárez, Timbalan Presiden. Madero dilantik sebagai presiden pada November 1911. Walaupun Porfirio Díaz telah meninggalkan Mexico, ia masih tidak menyelesaikan masalah tradisi negara tersebut.
Madero memasuki bandar Cuernavaca, Morelos, diiringi oleh pemimpin Tentera Selatan. 12 Jun 1911, Casasola Archive.
Kekayaan masih ditangan beberapa orang Mexico dan orang asing yang amat kaya, yang tinggal dalam kemewahan sementara kebanyakan orang hanya mampu mengais cari makan. Ketidakadilan berleluasa di bandar dan kawasan pendalaman.
Petani mahukan tanah mereka kembali sementara pekerja mahukan gaji yang lebih baik, masa kerja yang lebih pendek dan hak bagi menubuhkan persatuan, agar dapat meminta keadaan kerja yang lebih baik apabila perlu. Terdapat juga pengaduaan awam: penduduk Mexico percaya bahawa kerajaan lebih mengambil berat kepentingan asing berbanding kepentingan rakyat tempatan.
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Madero had to face all these problems. There were only two ways to solve them: either gradually, in accordance with the law; or to immediately change everything that was wrong, by force if necessary. While Madero preferred the first option, some of his followers did not want to wait.
Emiliano Zapata rebelled against Morelos in Morelos, just twenty days after he had assumed the presidency; Pascual Orozco did the same in Chihuahua at the beginning of 1912. Madero sent the forces of General Victoriano Huerta against Orozco, who was subsequently defeated in the space of just a few months.
The foreign companies operating in Mexico did not trust Madero and did not wish to lose the privileges granted them by Porfirio Díaz. They therefore began to consider the possibility of eliminating the obstacle posed to them by Madero.
The Tragic Ten Days
With the support of various foreign diplomats headed by the Ambassador of the United States of America, in February 1913, three old Porfirian military leaders rose up against Madero in Mexico City. One of them, Bernardo Reyes, was killed while leading an attack against the National Palace. The other two, Félix Díaz and Manuel Mondragón, took refuge at La Ciudadela, an old arms store in the city center.
Madero faced the situation bravely. Unfortunately, he placed troops loyal to him under the command of Victoriano Huerta; although Huerta had defeated the forces led by Orozco the previous year, he now secretly made a pact with the insurgents.
The different skirmishes that took place over the next ten days led to great confusion. There was a considerable degree of fighting in the city; many civilians were killed and many buildings were damaged. This period is known as the Tragic Ten Days.
The Ambassador of the United States of America, Henry Lane Wilson, arranged for Huerta and the insurgents to meet at the United States embassy, where they agreed on what to do next. Wilson feared that the revolutionary movement would affect the interests of American companies. He wanted a new dictator and thought that Huerta might be the right person.
On February 18th, some of Huerta's soldiers entered the National Palace and took Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez prisoner. Both were forced to resign and were executed four days later. This crime caused great indignation throughout Mexico. Although Victoriano Huerta made the necessary arrangements to legally assume the presidency, he was immediately forced to confront those who rejected him.
